Understanding Impairment and Disability

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of impairment?

An emotional or psychological constraint affecting daily life.

A disadvantage resulting from disability preventing social interaction.

A restriction in the ability to perform normal activities.

A loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure. (correct)

How is disability defined in relation to impairment?

A health condition that has no impact on daily activities.

A restriction or lack of ability to perform normal activities resulting from impairment. (correct)

An acute medical condition causing temporary loss of function.

A social status that affects only physical capabilities.

What does the term handicap refer to?

An absolute loss of any functioning ability.

An emotional state stemming from personal experiences.

A social disadvantage resulting from impairment or disability. (correct)

A medical diagnosis of physical impairment only.

Which of the following is an example of an impairment?

Blindness resulting from an injury. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of rehabilitation for disabled persons?

Recognizing and meeting all rehabilitation needs comprehensively. Signup and view all the answers

What does the intelligence quotient (IQ) indicate about a person?

The person's intelligence level Signup and view all the answers

How is the intelligence level expressed in relation to age?

As a ratio of mental age to chronological age Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following abilities is not typically assessed in an IQ test?

Physical strength Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the range for borderline normal intelligence?

69 - 89 Signup and view all the answers

What type of analogy can be expected on an IQ test?

Book to Reading as Fork to Signup and view all the answers

Which category of intelligence corresponds to an IQ range of 125 and above?

Superior intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What intelligence assessment system is mentioned for determining a human's intelligence level?

Intelligence tests Signup and view all the answers

In the sequence 37, 34, 31, 28, what is the next number in the pattern?

25 Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT classified as a musculoskeletal disorder?

Stroke Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of muscle weakness caused by disuse atrophy?

Difficulty maintaining posture Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder can lead to a higher incidence of fractured hips rather than wrists due to fall response?

Peripheral neuropathy Signup and view all the answers

What type of disability often faces challenges in work environments due to the need for good working conditions?

Chronic internal diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory impairment is associated with increased risk of falls due to vertigo?

Hearing disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognized cause of mental retardation?

Nutritional deficiency in adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for visual impairment related disabilities?

Cataracts Signup and view all the answers

Which group does NOT fall under mentally handicapped persons?

Persons recovering from head trauma Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of dementia cases is accounted for by Alzheimer's disease?

60 to 80 percent Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dementia is the second most common after Alzheimer's disease?

Vascular dementia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the core mental functions impaired in dementia?

Emotional stability Signup and view all the answers

What type of exercises are recommended for improving physical function in dementia patients?

Aerobic and endurance exercises Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with dementia?

Difficulty with short-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary aim of physiotherapy in patients with dementia?

To improve physical function and reduce falls Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms can be reversed and may cause dementia-like symptoms?

Thyroid problems Signup and view all the answers

How often should cardiorespiratory endurance exercises be performed according to the guidelines?

30 minutes each day Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for strength and resistance training exercises?

Three times a week Signup and view all the answers

Which benefit is NOT associated with stretching and flexibility exercises?

Enhancing muscle strength Signup and view all the answers

Which exercise is recommended to improve balance in patients with dementia?

Single limb stance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of gait training?

To improve mobility and functional ability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended activity for gait training?

Weight transfers while standing on one limb Signup and view all the answers

What does balance training assist in improving for patients?

General body coordination Signup and view all the answers

Which method can help overcome a shuffling gait pattern?

Walking on parallel lines Signup and view all the answers

The role of an occupational therapist includes which of the following?

Enhancing environmental function and safety Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to hazardous areas in a home for someone with Alzheimer's?

Lock doors that lead to these areas Signup and view all the answers

Which kitchen modification can help reduce the risk of accidents for someone with dementia?

Removing knobs from cooking appliances Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended feature for bathroom safety for individuals with dementia?

Adequately anchored grab bars Signup and view all the answers

What environmental modification may assist a person with dementia in recognizing their surroundings?

Using color contrast for rugs and coverings Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to remove electrical appliances from the bathroom and kitchen?

To reduce the risk of electrical shock Signup and view all the answers

How can a showering experience be made more comfortable for someone with dementia?

Providing a stool or chair for seating Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when selecting storage for cooking implements?

Securing knives and sharp tools in a safe place Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes mentally ill persons as distinguished from those with mental retardation?

They may suffer from severe emotional disturbances Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Objectives

Define impairment
Identify disability
Recognize causes of disability
Define classification of disability
Define handicap

Introduction

Disabled people represent a significant social problem.
Rehabilitation is the best form of assistance for disabled people.
Comprehensive rehabilitation is crucial; meeting all the needs of the disabled person during the process.
Man is a complex being with physical, psychological, and social dimensions.

Impairment

Impairment is a loss or abnormality in psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure.
Impairments of organs or functions can result in disability.
Impairment involves abnormalities in body structure, appearance, or organ/system functioning, no matter the cause.
Examples of impairments include blindness, deafness, limb amputation, etc.

Disability

Disability is a restriction or lack of ability to perform a normal daily life activity due to impairment.
Disability refers to the functional consequence of impairment and it limits the ability to perform daily life activities.

Handicap

A handicap is a social concept.
It is a disadvantage resulting from impairment or disability, hindering interaction with the environment.
Examples include being homebound, unable to use public transport, and social isolation.
Impairment is NOT the same as disability or handicap.

Simple Explanations

Impairment is a problem with a body structure/organ.
Disability is a limitation regarding a particular activity.
Handicap is a disadvantage in life roles.

Factors Influencing Disability

Cognition
Education
Culture
Psychological factors (gender, race, age)
Physical environment
Financial

Classifications of Disability

Persistence:
- Temporary: Lasting for a set time (e.g., temporary paralysis after a stroke).
- Permanent: Not expected to change or go away (e.g., blindness, limb amputation).
Time of Onset:
- From birth: Due to hereditary or congenital factors, or injuries during labor.
- Acquired: Occurs later in life due to diseases or injuries (accidents).
Progression:
- Progressive: Deteriorates and worsens (e.g., optic atrophy leading to blindness).
- Regressive: Improves or recovers (e.g., regaining limb function after a stroke).

Causes of Disability

Hereditary and congenital factors
Diseases
Malnutrition
Injuries (traumas)
Aging

Disability Prevention

First Level: Preventing impairments (e.g., eradicating malnutrition, communicable diseases).
Second Level: Limiting or reversing disability caused by impairment (e.g., adequate drug provision).
Third Level: Preventing disability from becoming a handicap (e.g., rehabilitation, vocational and educational counseling).

First Level Prevention (Most Effective)

Eradicate malnutrition
Prevent communicable diseases
Immunization against infectious diseases
Extensive perinatal care
Safe water and sanitation facilities
Reduce accident rates

Second Level Prevention

Adequate drug provision (leprosy, TB, ear infections, hypertension, diabetes)
Essential surgeries (wounds, limb injuries, cataracts)
Rehabilitation as early as possible in the course of disability
Effective referral system to health centers

Third Level Prevention

Rehabilitation
Prostheses and orthopedic braces
Glasses for vision impairment
Hearing aids
Vocational schools for disabled
Education and improving economic status
Speech therapy
Job provision for disabled

Categories of Handicapped Persons

Physically Handicapped:
- Locomotor system impairment: (e.g., arthritis, fractures, muscle disorders)
- Internal system (organ) disorders: (e.g., chronic internal diseases like asthma, high blood pressure)
Sensorily Handicapped: (e.g., visually impaired, hearing impaired)
- Visual impairment from cataracts, retinopathy (diabetic retinopathy)
- Ear disease causing vertigo, falls, and immobility
Mentally Handicapped:
- Mentally retarded
- Mentally ill persons
- Epilepsy sufferers

Mental Retardation (MR) Causes

Illness during childhood (42%)
Head trauma in childhood (10%)
Pregnancy and birth problems (3%)
Heredity (2%)
Unknown causes (23%)
Limited abilities in perception, memory, decision-making, judgment, reasoning, and problem-solving.
Usually experience slower mental processes and reduced learning abilities.
Mental development is usually measured by IQ level.
There is a wide range of IQs and related levels of care. These can be categorized as superior, above average, average, borderline, mild, moderate, severe, and profound.

Dementia

Dementia is not a specific disease, but an overall term describing declines in memory, thinking skills, and language.
The decline is severe enough to impact everyday tasks.
Common types include Alzheimer's disease (60-80% prevalence) and vascular dementia.

Interventions in Dementia (Physiotherapy)

Improve physical function (mobility, balance, coordination, strength).
Reduce the risk of falls (improve judgment and spatial awareness).
Improve mood, ease stress and add calm.
Improve cardiovascular health.
Provide a sense of accomplishment.
Improve sleep.

Physiotherapy Role (Aerobic and Endurance)

Recommend 30 minutes of cardio-respiratory endurance exercises daily (walking, cycling, swimming).
Short, frequent exercise sessions are acceptable for those who tire easily.
Improve the body's ability to deliver oxygen and nutrients; remove wastes.
Increase exercise tolerance and ability to do everyday tasks.

Physiotherapy Role (Strength and Resistance)

Recommend 10-15 repetitions of 8-10 exercises, 3 times a week.
Use resistance bands or light weights.
Improve lean muscle mass, metabolism, and blood sugar control.

Physiotherapy Role (Stretching and Flexibility)

Stretching is essential for warming up and cooling down.
Improve flexibility, prevent injuries, and reduce soreness/stiffness.

Physiotherapy Role (Balance Training)

Improve confidence, reduce fall risk.
Balance is position-specific, so train both sitting and standing.
Improve coordination, sense of space, and environment awareness.
Start with weight shifts (sitting and standing).

Physiotherapy Role (Gait Training)

Improve mobility and function without support.
Lengthen stride, broaden base of support (BOS).
Improve stepping and heel-toe gait patterns.
Increase contralateral (opposite side) movement and arm swing.
Regular walking program.

Occupational Therapy

Assists with changes to the environment to improve function and safety.
Assess the home environment.
Prevent access to potentially dangerous items or areas (basements, garages, sheds, kitchen, bathrooms).
Lock doors and remove hazardous items.

Ensuring Safety Inside the Home

Dementia sufferers may not rationalize safe/unsafe differences.
Lock doors leading to dangerous areas.
Remove electrical appliances from bathrooms/kitchens

Environmental Modifications

Adding signs and labels (bathroom doors, drawers, etc.).
Using color contrast in home decor (rugs, bedding, coverings).

Mentally Ill Persons (b)

Differ from mentally retarded individuals.
Severe mental illnesses (psychoses) cause emotional disturbances, behavioral abnormalities, and impaired daily functioning.
Acquired later in life, sometimes episodic.

Mental Illnesses (Psychogenic)

May be psychogenic (originating from psychological factors).
May also be caused by organic changes to the brain.
Common and serious psychoses: schizophrenia, manic depressive psychosis, paranoia.

Causes of MI (Mental Illness)

Pregnancy and birth-related problems (46%)
Unknown causes (36%)
Illness during childhood (9%)

Epilepsy (III)

Epilepsy is a nervous disorder with episodic brain functioning disturbances, potentially affecting mental function, particularly in later stages.
The key feature is a sudden loss of consciousness, often associated with convulsions, altered sensations, and involuntary movements.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to impairment, disability, and intelligence assessment. Participants will answer questions regarding definitions, characteristics, and examples of these terms, along with aspects of rehabilitation and intelligence testing. Test your understanding of how these topics interrelate in the context of health and psychology.