Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the medical model of health primarily focus on?
What does the medical model of health primarily focus on?
In which model is health defined as a resource for everyday life?
In which model is health defined as a resource for everyday life?
How does the holistic model of health differ from the medical model?
How does the holistic model of health differ from the medical model?
What core concept is emphasized in the wellness model of health?
What core concept is emphasized in the wellness model of health?
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What is the focus of population health in the wellness model?
What is the focus of population health in the wellness model?
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What is the first stage in the Stages of Change for an individual?
What is the first stage in the Stages of Change for an individual?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 E's necessary for community-level change?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 E's necessary for community-level change?
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What is a key factor in determining a person's probability of behavior change according to the Health Belief Model?
What is a key factor in determining a person's probability of behavior change according to the Health Belief Model?
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During which stage can a clinician support practical ways for a patient to prepare for a behavior change?
During which stage can a clinician support practical ways for a patient to prepare for a behavior change?
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What type of cues can motivate change in health behavior?
What type of cues can motivate change in health behavior?
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Which criterion is considered the strongest for inferring a causal relationship?
Which criterion is considered the strongest for inferring a causal relationship?
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Which of the following best describes a confounding factor?
Which of the following best describes a confounding factor?
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What level does impairment occur at in the sequence of impairment, disability, and handicap?
What level does impairment occur at in the sequence of impairment, disability, and handicap?
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What type of study design includes both descriptive and analytic studies?
What type of study design includes both descriptive and analytic studies?
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Which term describes a person's subjective experience of symptoms?
Which term describes a person's subjective experience of symptoms?
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How does a moderating factor differ from a confounding factor?
How does a moderating factor differ from a confounding factor?
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Which criterion indicates that removal of exposure leads to the cessation of disease?
Which criterion indicates that removal of exposure leads to the cessation of disease?
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What is the goal of rehabilitation in the context of health care?
What is the goal of rehabilitation in the context of health care?
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An analytic study primarily aims to?
An analytic study primarily aims to?
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What does quality of life primarily reflect?
What does quality of life primarily reflect?
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What characterizes the clinical course of a disease?
What characterizes the clinical course of a disease?
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What is a key characteristic of experimental studies?
What is a key characteristic of experimental studies?
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Which of the following represents a social disadvantage arising from disability?
Which of the following represents a social disadvantage arising from disability?
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In the hierarchy of evidence, which of the following is generally considered the weakest?
In the hierarchy of evidence, which of the following is generally considered the weakest?
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Which type of service is provided by community care access centers (CCAC)?
Which type of service is provided by community care access centers (CCAC)?
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Which criterion is described as having an observed association only related to the disease?
Which criterion is described as having an observed association only related to the disease?
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The term 'mediating factors' refers to?
The term 'mediating factors' refers to?
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What is a characteristic of private home care services?
What is a characteristic of private home care services?
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Which type of organization delivers primary care through a team of health professionals?
Which type of organization delivers primary care through a team of health professionals?
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In what context is handicap defined?
In what context is handicap defined?
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What is the correct odds ratio formula when examining disease exposure?
What is the correct odds ratio formula when examining disease exposure?
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Which vaccines are contraindicated for individuals with a suppressed immune system?
Which vaccines are contraindicated for individuals with a suppressed immune system?
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Which of the following is NOT a consideration for administering routine infant vaccines?
Which of the following is NOT a consideration for administering routine infant vaccines?
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What should be noted about the timing of vaccinations?
What should be noted about the timing of vaccinations?
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For which situation is a tetanus vaccine required?
For which situation is a tetanus vaccine required?
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How are vaccinations for adults without prior immunizations scheduled?
How are vaccinations for adults without prior immunizations scheduled?
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What is the legal requirement for children regarding immunization records before enrolling in school?
What is the legal requirement for children regarding immunization records before enrolling in school?
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Which of the following is a common concern that parents have regarding vaccinations?
Which of the following is a common concern that parents have regarding vaccinations?
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Which condition is a contraindication for live vaccines only?
Which condition is a contraindication for live vaccines only?
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Which source provides official information regarding vaccination in Canada?
Which source provides official information regarding vaccination in Canada?
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Study Notes
Health & Disability
- Different definitions of health exist at individual and population levels.
- Core concepts include impairment, disability, handicap, quality of life, and rehabilitation.
- Life course and natural history of disease are relevant to preventive and public health interventions.
- Chronic disease impacts patients, families, and communities.
- Community resources cater to long-term health needs.
Definition of Health
- Medical Model (1900s): views body as a machine needing repair. Health = anatomical integrity and absence of disease.
- Holistic Model (1950s): emphasizes physical, mental, and social well-being. Health is a positive state.
- Wellness Model (1980s): views health as a resource for everyday life. Health is a process, facilitating aspirations and needs.
Impairment, Disability, Handicap
- WHO ICF defines these consequences of disease.
- Impairment: loss of anatomical, physiological, or psychological structure/function.
- Disability: restriction in performing functions deemed normal.
- Handicap: social disadvantage resulting from disability.
- Rehabilitation aims to minimize disability and handicap, improving health, function, and quality of life.
Quality of Life
- Subjective assessment, perceived ability to function compared to ideals.
- Includes feelings, satisfaction, work, and home life.
Natural History & Clinical Course
- Natural history = untreated evolution of a disease.
- Clinical course = disease evolution with treatment.
- Life course = disease's development trajectory from childhood.
Prevention & Natural History of Disease
- Prevention phases: preclinical, clinical, tertiary.
- Natural history sequence includes biological onset, symptoms, diagnosis, therapy, and outcome.
- Disease impact varies among patients, families, and communities.
Community Resources & Services
- Services for long-term health needs, covering Ontario in particular.
- Public home care (acute and long-term) is offered based on criteria, helping avoid institutions where indicated.
- Community support agencies (CCAC) assess needs and coordinate home and long-term care.
- Private agencies offer care options paid by patients.
- Community health centers provide primary care to individuals in families.
2a Child Motor Development
- Stages of physical growth and development of children.
- Gross and fine motor skills development.
- Rourke well-baby chart and well-baby visits are used to track infant development.
Primitive Reflexes
- Involuntary reflexes, protective in early stages, replaced by postural reflexes.
- Examples: Moro, ATNR, palmar/plantar grasp, rooting.
- They disappear by 4-6 months.
Equilibrium & Postural Reflexes
- Replace primitive reflexes for posture and balance.
- Gradually develop by 4-6 months and persist.
Propping & Gross Motor Development
- Stages of head and trunk control.
- Locomotion development involving prone, supine, and crawling.
- Milestones of supported standing and walking.
Fine Motor Development
- Sequential development from proximal (wrist) to distal (fingers) and ulnar (pinky) to radial (thumb).
- Grasping (involuntary, voluntary) progresses during infancy to independent use.
Feeding
- Stages of self-feeding, using utensils, and consuming different food types.
Rourke Well Baby Visit
- Comprehensive developmental monitoring, parental education, and immunizations are key facets.
- Health concerns are assessed during the visit.
2b Epi Research
- Research designs (observational and experimental) and data sources used to understand health of populations.
- Criteria for causation assessment.
- Evaluation of medical interventions.
Types of Data
- Categorical/non-parametric (nominal, ordinal) vs. Continuous/parametric (interval, ratio)
- Nominal: counted categories (sex - male/female)
- Ordinal: meaningful order with unequal intervals/ratios (cancer staging)
- Interval: meaningful order with equal intervals (temperature)
- Ratio: meaningful order with equal intervals/ratios and true zero (height)
Criteria for Causation
- Chronological relationship (exposure before disease).
- Strength of association (exposed at higher risk than unexposed).
- Dose-response relationship (greater exposure, greater effect).
- Specificity of association (one exposure only relates to one disease).
- Consistency of finding (similar results found in other studies).
- Coherent/plausible rationale.
- Cessation of exposure (removing exposure reduces disease).
Research Designs
- Observational studies (cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, ecological).
- Experimental studies (quasi-experiments, randomized controlled trials).
5 Communicable Disease Control
- Interrelationship among infectious agent, host, and environmental factors.
- Control and prevention measures include reporting, surveillance, contact tracing, and immunization.
6 Population Health
- Approaches to health at a population level.
- Individual vs. population health approaches.
- Consideration of social, biological, behavioral, and environmental determinants.
7 History of Medicine
- Hypothesis testing and empiric evidence approach in medicine.
- Methods for evaluating and confirming information.
9 Vaccination
- Rationale and requirements for immunization.
- Adverse effects and alternative methods for protection.
- Parental concerns and ethical/legal aspects of immunization.
11 HIV Coping
- Concepts and relevance for disease transmission, risk, care utilization and treatment.
- Epidemiology of HIV (Canada and globally).
- Behavior change models (Health Belief Model).
12 Professionalism
- Demonstrating professionalism in interactions with peers, teachers, staff, and patients.
- Attributes of professionalism (honesty, integrity, altruism, responsibility, compassion, empathy).
- Confidentiality and informed consent.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various definitions and concepts of health, including the medical, holistic, and wellness models. Explore how impairments, disabilities, and handicaps affect individuals and communities, and understand the implications for public health interventions. Dive into the importance of chronic diseases and community resources for health support.
