Health & Disability Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the medical model of health primarily focus on?

  • Holistic integration of physical and mental health
  • Promoting social and mental well-being
  • Improving community health resources
  • Absence of disease and anatomical integrity (correct)

In which model is health defined as a resource for everyday life?

  • Wellness Model (correct)
  • Holistic Model
  • Preventative Model
  • Medical Model

How does the holistic model of health differ from the medical model?

  • It emphasizes the absence of disease as the sole measure of health.
  • It considers only mental health aspects.
  • It focuses solely on physical health.
  • It defines health positively, including mental and social well-being. (correct)

What core concept is emphasized in the wellness model of health?

<p>Health as a process and force. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of population health in the wellness model?

<p>The ability of a population to adapt to changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage in the Stages of Change for an individual?

<p>Precontemplation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 E's necessary for community-level change?

<p>Environment impact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in determining a person's probability of behavior change according to the Health Belief Model?

<p>Perceived threats of disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage can a clinician support practical ways for a patient to prepare for a behavior change?

<p>Preparation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cues can motivate change in health behavior?

<p>Both internal and external cues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion is considered the strongest for inferring a causal relationship?

<p>Chronological relationship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a confounding factor?

<p>A factor that influences both the independent and dependent variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level does impairment occur at in the sequence of impairment, disability, and handicap?

<p>Loss of function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study design includes both descriptive and analytic studies?

<p>Observational study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a person's subjective experience of symptoms?

<p>Illness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a moderating factor differ from a confounding factor?

<p>It strengthens the relationship between the independent and dependent variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion indicates that removal of exposure leads to the cessation of disease?

<p>Cessation of exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of rehabilitation in the context of health care?

<p>To minimize disability and handicap for a given level of impairment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An analytic study primarily aims to?

<p>Test a hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does quality of life primarily reflect?

<p>Subjective perception of current ability to function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the clinical course of a disease?

<p>Typical evolution when managed clinically (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of experimental studies?

<p>Researchers assign exposure to observe outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a social disadvantage arising from disability?

<p>Handicap (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the hierarchy of evidence, which of the following is generally considered the weakest?

<p>Cross-sectional studies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of service is provided by community care access centers (CCAC)?

<p>Assessment and coordination of long-term care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion is described as having an observed association only related to the disease?

<p>Specificity of association (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'mediating factors' refers to?

<p>Factors that intervene in the causal pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of private home care services?

<p>Paid out of pocket by patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organization delivers primary care through a team of health professionals?

<p>Community health care center (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context is handicap defined?

<p>Socially defined disadvantage from a disability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct odds ratio formula when examining disease exposure?

<p>OR = ad / bc (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccines are contraindicated for individuals with a suppressed immune system?

<p>MMR, varicella, and BCG vaccines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consideration for administering routine infant vaccines?

<p>Recent surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be noted about the timing of vaccinations?

<p>Multiple vaccines can be given at the same visit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which situation is a tetanus vaccine required?

<p>For anyone with a severe and dirty abrasion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are vaccinations for adults without prior immunizations scheduled?

<p>According to the infant vaccination schedule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal requirement for children regarding immunization records before enrolling in school?

<p>Complete immunization record for MMR and DTaP is necessary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common concern that parents have regarding vaccinations?

<p>Giving multiple vaccines can overwhelm the child’s system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a contraindication for live vaccines only?

<p>Pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which source provides official information regarding vaccination in Canada?

<p>Public Health Ontario (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Medical Model of Health

Views the body as a machine needing repair when broken down. Health is defined as the absence of disease and anatomical integrity.

Holistic Model of Health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, encompassing more than just the absence of disease.

Wellness Model of Health

Health is a resource for everyday life, empowering individuals to cope with challenges and pursue their goals.

Medical Model (Individual health)

Individual health is the absence of disease in that person.

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Holistic Model (Individual health)

Individual health encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being.

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Impairment

Loss of physical, mental, or anatomical structure or function.

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Disability

A restriction in one's ability to perform everyday functions.

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Handicap

A social disadvantage due to disability, affecting social roles.

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Rehabilitation

Minimizing disability and handicap for a given level of impairment.

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Disease

Biologically defined underlying pathology (what a doctor diagnoses).

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Illness

The patient's subjective experience of symptoms.

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Sickness

Socially defined condition linked to disability.

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Quality of Life

Subjective perception of functioning compared to ideal.

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Natural History of Disease

How a disease unfolds without treatment.

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Clinical Course

Typical progression of a disease under clinical management.

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Gross Motor Skills

Physical skills involving large muscle groups, like arms, legs, and torso.

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Fine Motor Skills

Physical skills involving small muscle groups, especially in the hands.

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Cephalocaudal Development

Development that proceeds from head to toe.

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Proximal-Distal Development

Development that proceeds from the center of the body outward.

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Gross-to-Fine Motor Skill Development

Development that starts with large movements and progresses to smaller, more delicate movements.

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Primitive Reflexes

Involuntary reflexes present at birth that disappear as neural pathways mature.

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Moro Reflex

A primitive reflex involving arm abduction and extension in response to sudden movement.

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ATNR (Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex)

A primitive reflex where a baby's head position influences arm/leg movements.

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Rourke Well-Baby Chart

A chart used to track the health indicators of a baby. A crucial part of primary care.

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Equilibrium Reflexes

Reflexes that help maintain posture and balance that replace primitive reflexes.

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Causation Criteria

Seven guidelines to assess the likelihood of a causal relationship between an exposure and a disease. The more criteria met, the stronger the evidence.

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Chronological Relationship

The exposure must occur before the disease in a causal relationship.

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Strength of Association

Individuals exposed are much more likely to develop the disease compared to those unexposed.

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Dose-Response Relationship

As exposure increases, the severity or duration of the disease also increases.

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Specificity of Association

The exposure is consistently found to be related only to a specific disease.

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Consistency of Findings

The same association is observed in multiple studies and different populations.

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Coherent/Plausible Finding

There's a biological explanation for the observed association between exposure and disease.

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Confounding Factor

A variable that influences both the exposure and the disease, potentially masking the true association.

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Moderating Factor

A variable that influences the strength or direction of the association between an exposure and a disease.

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Mediating Factor

An intervening variable that explains how an exposure leads to a disease.

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HIV Prevalence

The proportion of a population infected with HIV, indicating the overall burden of the disease.

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Health Belief Model

A theory explaining health behavior based on individual perceptions of threat, efficacy of action, and motivating cues.

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Stages of Change

A model outlining five steps individuals go through when changing behavior: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance.

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Community Level Change

Strategies for implementing behavior change within a community, employing education, environmental support, economic levers, and enforcement.

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Precontemplation Stage

The first stage where an individual is not considering changing their behavior and has no intention to do so in the near future.

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Odds Ratio (OR)

A measure of association between exposure and disease, calculated as the ratio of odds of disease in the exposed group to the odds of disease in the unexposed group.

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What does OR > 1 mean?

The exposed group has a higher odds of disease than the unexposed group. It suggests a possible association between exposure and the disease.

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What does OR < 1 mean?

The exposed group has a lower odds of disease than the unexposed group. It suggests a possible protective effect of the exposure.

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Contraindication to Routine Infant Vaccines

Reasons why a vaccine shouldn't be given to a child, including suppressed immune system, anaphylaxis to vaccine, pregnancy, and Guillain-Barré syndrome.

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Precaution for Routine Infant Vaccines

Factors that require careful consideration before giving a vaccine, like bleeding disorders, recent live vaccine administration, or recent administration of antibodies.

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Not a Contraindication to Routine Infant Vaccines

Conditions that don't prevent routine infant vaccination, such as premature birth, low-grade fever, syncope, cancer, neurological disorder, breastfeeding, antibiotic therapy, or lack of egg exposure.

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Vaccination Schedule

A timetable for administering vaccines based on time since birth, not affected by gestational age or birth weight.

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Missed Vaccine Doses

If a dose is missed, continue from the last dose received, ignoring the lag in time.

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Rubella Vaccination

Important for females before pregnancy to prevent congenital rubella syndrome.

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Tetanus Vaccine

Recommended for anyone with a severe and dirty abrasion if their tetanus vaccinations aren't up to date.

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Study Notes

Health & Disability

  • Different definitions of health exist at individual and population levels.
  • Core concepts include impairment, disability, handicap, quality of life, and rehabilitation.
  • Life course and natural history of disease are relevant to preventive and public health interventions.
  • Chronic disease impacts patients, families, and communities.
  • Community resources cater to long-term health needs.

Definition of Health

  • Medical Model (1900s): views body as a machine needing repair. Health = anatomical integrity and absence of disease.
  • Holistic Model (1950s): emphasizes physical, mental, and social well-being. Health is a positive state.
  • Wellness Model (1980s): views health as a resource for everyday life. Health is a process, facilitating aspirations and needs.

Impairment, Disability, Handicap

  • WHO ICF defines these consequences of disease.
  • Impairment: loss of anatomical, physiological, or psychological structure/function.
  • Disability: restriction in performing functions deemed normal.
  • Handicap: social disadvantage resulting from disability.
  • Rehabilitation aims to minimize disability and handicap, improving health, function, and quality of life.

Quality of Life

  • Subjective assessment, perceived ability to function compared to ideals.
  • Includes feelings, satisfaction, work, and home life.

Natural History & Clinical Course

  • Natural history = untreated evolution of a disease.
  • Clinical course = disease evolution with treatment.
  • Life course = disease's development trajectory from childhood.

Prevention & Natural History of Disease

  • Prevention phases: preclinical, clinical, tertiary.
  • Natural history sequence includes biological onset, symptoms, diagnosis, therapy, and outcome.
  • Disease impact varies among patients, families, and communities.

Community Resources & Services

  • Services for long-term health needs, covering Ontario in particular.
  • Public home care (acute and long-term) is offered based on criteria, helping avoid institutions where indicated.
  • Community support agencies (CCAC) assess needs and coordinate home and long-term care.
  • Private agencies offer care options paid by patients.
  • Community health centers provide primary care to individuals in families.

2a Child Motor Development

  • Stages of physical growth and development of children.
  • Gross and fine motor skills development.
  • Rourke well-baby chart and well-baby visits are used to track infant development.

Primitive Reflexes

  • Involuntary reflexes, protective in early stages, replaced by postural reflexes.
  • Examples: Moro, ATNR, palmar/plantar grasp, rooting.
  • They disappear by 4-6 months.

Equilibrium & Postural Reflexes

  • Replace primitive reflexes for posture and balance.
  • Gradually develop by 4-6 months and persist.

Propping & Gross Motor Development

  • Stages of head and trunk control.
  • Locomotion development involving prone, supine, and crawling.
  • Milestones of supported standing and walking.

Fine Motor Development

  • Sequential development from proximal (wrist) to distal (fingers) and ulnar (pinky) to radial (thumb).
  • Grasping (involuntary, voluntary) progresses during infancy to independent use.

Feeding

  • Stages of self-feeding, using utensils, and consuming different food types.

Rourke Well Baby Visit

  • Comprehensive developmental monitoring, parental education, and immunizations are key facets.
  • Health concerns are assessed during the visit.

2b Epi Research

  • Research designs (observational and experimental) and data sources used to understand health of populations.
  • Criteria for causation assessment.
  • Evaluation of medical interventions.

Types of Data

  • Categorical/non-parametric (nominal, ordinal) vs. Continuous/parametric (interval, ratio)
  • Nominal: counted categories (sex - male/female)
  • Ordinal: meaningful order with unequal intervals/ratios (cancer staging)
  • Interval: meaningful order with equal intervals (temperature)
  • Ratio: meaningful order with equal intervals/ratios and true zero (height)

Criteria for Causation

  • Chronological relationship (exposure before disease).
  • Strength of association (exposed at higher risk than unexposed).
  • Dose-response relationship (greater exposure, greater effect).
  • Specificity of association (one exposure only relates to one disease).
  • Consistency of finding (similar results found in other studies).
  • Coherent/plausible rationale.
  • Cessation of exposure (removing exposure reduces disease).

Research Designs

  • Observational studies (cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, ecological).
  • Experimental studies (quasi-experiments, randomized controlled trials).

5 Communicable Disease Control

  • Interrelationship among infectious agent, host, and environmental factors.
  • Control and prevention measures include reporting, surveillance, contact tracing, and immunization.

6 Population Health

  • Approaches to health at a population level.
  • Individual vs. population health approaches.
  • Consideration of social, biological, behavioral, and environmental determinants.

7 History of Medicine

  • Hypothesis testing and empiric evidence approach in medicine.
  • Methods for evaluating and confirming information.

9 Vaccination

  • Rationale and requirements for immunization.
  • Adverse effects and alternative methods for protection.
  • Parental concerns and ethical/legal aspects of immunization.

11 HIV Coping

  • Concepts and relevance for disease transmission, risk, care utilization and treatment.
  • Epidemiology of HIV (Canada and globally).
  • Behavior change models (Health Belief Model).

12 Professionalism

  • Demonstrating professionalism in interactions with peers, teachers, staff, and patients.
  • Attributes of professionalism (honesty, integrity, altruism, responsibility, compassion, empathy).
  • Confidentiality and informed consent.

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Health & Disability Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the various definitions and concepts of health, including the medical, holistic, and wellness models. Explore how impairments, disabilities, and handicaps affect individuals and communities, and understand the implications for public health interventions. Dive into the importance of chronic diseases and community resources for health support.

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