Understanding Disability and Impairment Concepts

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Questions and Answers

Which statement correctly defines impairment?

A condition that results in reduced quality of life.

Abnormalities in psychological, physiological, or anatomical structures. (correct)

A loss of social interaction abilities due to environmental factors.

A functional limitation in physical activities caused by social stigma.

How is disability defined in relation to impairment?

As a psychological state that hinders social engagement.

As a restriction in the ability to perform activities of daily living due to an impairment. (correct)

As a temporary condition with no long-term repercussions.

As a permanent loss of physical abilities that cannot be rehabilitated.

What distinguishes handicap from impairment?

Handicap occurs only in severe cases of impairment.

Handicap only affects physical abilities, not psychological ones.

Handicap is social in nature, arising from disabilities or impairments. (correct)

Handicap is a medical diagnosis, while impairment is not.

Which factor is NOT typically recognized as a cause of disability?

Psycho-emotional factors leading to temporary stress. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation for disabled persons?

Integrating all rehabilitation needs into a unified process. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the relationship between impairment and disability?

A person can be impaired without being disabled. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing disability?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a temporary disability from a permanent disability?

Temporary disabilities last a short time, while permanent ones are lifelong. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disability progresses and leads to a more severe condition?

Progressive disability Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is an example of a regressive disability?

Restoration of limb function after a stroke Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario can a person with visual impairment be considered disabled?

When they navigate in complete darkness. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the definition of a handicap?

A handicap refers to a disadvantage in fulfilling a social role. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a classification of disability according to time of onset?

Progressive Signup and view all the answers

What does an intelligence quotient (IQ) specifically measure?

The ratio of mental age to chronological age Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'mental retardation'?

Limited mental abilities and slower cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence category corresponds to an IQ score of 125 or above?

Superior intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What type of intelligence is primarily measured through pattern-driven tasks?

Mathematical intelligence Signup and view all the answers

In the analogy 'Book is to Reading as Fork is to:', which option is correct?

Eating Signup and view all the answers

Which of these tasks is least likely to be included in an IQ test?

Personality assessment Signup and view all the answers

What is the score range for borderline normal intelligence and mental retardation?

69 - 89 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following abilities is NOT directly associated with intelligence as defined in the content?

Improve social skills Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of dementia?

Alzheimer's disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the core mental functions that must be significantly impaired to diagnose dementia?

Social interaction Signup and view all the answers

How does physiotherapy benefit individuals with dementia?

It aims to improve physical function and reduce fall risk. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can cause symptoms of dementia but are considered reversible?

Thyroid problems Signup and view all the answers

What type of exercise is recommended for improving cardiorespiratory endurance in dementia patients?

Aerobic and endurance exercises Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the impacts of improved physical function through physiotherapy in dementia patients?

Reduced risk of falls Signup and view all the answers

What is one recommended duration of aerobic exercise for people with dementia?

30 minutes every day Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a problem people with dementia may encounter?

Planning and preparing meals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to impaired balance and increased risk of falls in individuals with neurological disorders?

Proprioception impairment Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue faced by persons suffering from chronic internal diseases?

Need for exceptional working conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of visual impairment that can lead to activities of daily living (ADL) disabilities?

Dark or cluttered environments Signup and view all the answers

What factor can contribute to muscle weakness in individuals with musculoskeletal disorders?

Myopathy and disuse atrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a group of persons categorized under mental impairments?

Mentally retarded persons Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of mental retardation cases is attributed to unknown causes?

23% Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT explicitly listed as a musculoskeletal disorder?

Parkinson’s disease Signup and view all the answers

What role do lower limbs play for a person with musculoskeletal impairments?

They serve to maintain an upright posture. Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended safety measure for kitchens when caring for individuals with Alzheimer's?

Remove knobs from cooking appliances. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a suggested modification for bathrooms to improve safety for someone with dementia?

Offering a standard toilet seat. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to lock doors leading to hazardous areas in the home of a person with Alzheimer's?

To prevent rational decision-making about safety. Signup and view all the answers

Which item should be securely stored away in a kitchen to enhance safety for dementia patients?

Knives and cooking implements. Signup and view all the answers

What type of environmental modification can assist a dementia patient in perceiving space better?

Adding contrasting colors for rugs and window covers. Signup and view all the answers

What is an inappropriate approach to managing kitchen safety for individuals with cognitive impairments?

Allowing unrestricted access to kitchen appliances. Signup and view all the answers

What utility do raised toilet seats and grab bars provide for patients with dementia?

They facilitate access and enhance safety during bathroom use. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes mentally ill persons compared to those with intellectual disabilities?

They exhibit emotional disturbances and behavior abnormalities. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Objectives

Students will be able to define impairment, identify disability, recognize causes of disability, define classification of disability, and define handicap by the end of the lecture.

Introduction

Disabled people represent a significant social issue that should not be ignored.
The best approach to assist disabled people is comprehensive rehabilitation, addressing all their needs during the process.

Impairment

Impairment is defined as a loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure.
Impairments of organs or functions of the organism can result in disability.
Impairment concerns abnormalities in body structure, appearance, or organ/system function, stemming from any cause.
Examples include blindness, deafness, limb amputation, and paralysis.

Disability

Disability is a restriction or lack of ability to perform a normal daily activity, resulting from an impairment.
It's a functional consequence of impairment.
It relates to limitations in how people normally function in daily activities.

Handicap

Handicap is a social concept.
A handicap refers to a disadvantage for an individual, caused by an impairment or disability, that hinders interaction with both the physical and social environment.
Examples include home confinement, inability to use public transport, and social isolation.

Relationship Between Impairment, Disability, and Handicap

All disabled individuals are impaired, but not all impaired individuals are disabled.
All handicapped individuals are disabled, but not all disabled individuals are handicapped.
A person can have an impairment and not be disabled, and a person can be disabled but not handicapped.

Factors Influencing Disability

Cognition, education, culture, psychological factors (gender, race, age), physical environment, and financial status all influence the experience of disability.

Classification of Disability

Persistence:
- Temporary: Lasting a specific period, for example, temporary limb paralysis after a stroke or a broken limb.
- Permanent: Expected to persist until death, such as blindness or limb amputation.
Time of onset:
- From birth: Due to heredity, congenital factors, or injuries during childbirth.
- Acquired: Later in life due to diseases or injuries (accidents)
Progression:
- Progressive: Deteriorating and leading to a more severe condition, such as partial vision loss progressing to complete blindness.
- Regressive: Improving and leading to advancement or almost complete recovery, such as limb function restoration after a stroke through exercises.

Causes of Disability

Heredity and congenital factors
Diseases
Malnutrition
Trauma or injuries
Natural changes related to aging

Disability Prevention

First level prevention: Reducing occurrences of impairments (e.g., eradicating malnutrition, controlling communicable diseases).
Second level prevention: Limiting or reversing disability caused by impairment (e.g., providing adequate medication for diseases, implementing essential surgery).
Third level prevention: Preventing the transition from disability to handicap (e.g., rehabilitation programs, vocational training).

First Level Prevention Examples

Eradicating malnutrition: Increasing food production and proper distribution.
Smallpox eradication.
Vaccination against polio, tuberculosis, measles, whooping cough.
Comprehensive perinatal care through primary healthcare.
Safe water and sanitation facilities.
Accident reduction efforts.
Socioeconomic development for individuals and countries.
Health education.
Limits on tobacco and alcohol use.
Prevention of child neglect and abuse.

Second Level Prevention Examples

Providing adequate drugs for leprosy, tuberculosis, ear infections, hypertension, and diabetes.
Providing essential surgery for wounds, fractures, limb injuries, and cataracts.
Implementing rehabilitation programs.
Effective referral systems to health centers at district/regional levels.
Vocational and educational counseling.
This can reduce disability incidence and severity up to 10-20%.

Third Level Prevention Examples

Rehabilitation programs
Orthopedic braces and prosthetics
Glasses for visual impairments
Hearing aids
Vocational schools and training for the disabled.
Education and improved economic status for disabled individuals.
Speech therapy
Job provision for disabled individuals

Categories of Handicapped Persons

Physically handicapped persons: Those with physical impairments (disabilities) of the organism
- Disorders of the musculoskeletal system (arthritis, fractures, myopathy, contractures, amputations)
- Neurological disorders (peripheral neuropathy, stroke, Parkinson's disease)
Sensorily handicapped persons: Those with sensory impairments
- Visually handicapped persons (visual impairments from cataracts or retinopathy)
- Hearing handicapped persons (ear disease causing vertigo)
Mentally handicapped persons: Those with mental impairments
- Mentally retarded persons (due to illness in childhood, head trauma in childhood, pregnancy/birth related issues, heredity, or unknown cause)
- Mentally ill persons
- Persons suffering from epilepsy
Severe mental diseases* (e.g., psychoses) (e.g., schizophrenia, manic depressive psychosis, paranoia)

Causes of Mental Retardation

Illness during childhood (42%)
Head trauma in childhood (10%)
Pregnancy and birth-related problems (3%)
Heredity (2%)
Unknown cause (23%)

Mental Abilities in Retarded Persons

Perception
Memory
Decision-making
Judgment
Reasoning
Problem-solving

Intelligence

Intelligence is the mental brightness or ability of a person to form ideas, recall memories, think, reason, solve problems, and adjust to changing circumstances.
Intelligence is measured by special psychological methods.
The amount of scores a person reaches on an intelligence test is known as the intelligence quotient or IQ.
The range of IQ scores, along with descriptors, are used to classify various levels of intelligence and mental retardation.

Intervention in Dementia: Physical Therapy

Aims: Enhancing physical function (mobility, balance coordination, strength); reducing fall risk; improving mood, stress, and calm; improving cardiovascular health; enabling activity; and improving sleep patterns.
Types of Exercises: Recommend 30 minutes of cardiorespiratory exercise daily, including walking, cycling, and swimming. Strength and resistance training (10-15 repetitions of 8-10 exercises, 3 times per week). Flexibility and stretching exercises. Balance training (exercises specific to movement position to improve balance confidence). Gait training (educating movement patterns and mobility without support). Occupational therapy

Intervention in Dementia: Occupational Therapy

Aims: Changing/enhancing environments to improve function and safety.
Important safety considerations when assessing a home or apartment for someone with Alzheimer's or dementia. Examples include locking doors to areas with hazardous materials, or removing potentially dangerous electric equipment from areas where the patient may access them and installing hidden circuit breakers and gas valves (kitchen, bathroom.)
Ensuring safety inside the home:
Using color contrast in rugs, bedding, and window coverings to help patients perceive space and depth within their homes.
Adding signs on bathroom doors and labeling drawers for items (socks, shirts) to help allow them to function at their highest possible level.

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Description

This quiz explores fundamental concepts related to disability, impairment, and handicap. It covers definitions, classifications, and the relationship between these key terms. Test your knowledge on rehabilitation approaches and various factors influencing disability.