Understanding Eating Disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic that differentiates normal eating from an eating disorder?

Eating only when hungry

An obsessive focus on nutritional value (correct)

Flexibility in food choices

A variety of foods consumed

Which term describes the type of eating that can occur without fitting into a specific eating disorder diagnosis?

Disordered eating (correct)

Uncontrolled eating

Habitual eating

Erratic eating

What is one aspect of normal eating as described in the content?

Multiple meals and snacks throughout the day (correct)

Skipping meals to maintain weight

Consistency in meal timing every day

Strict adherence to a specific diet plan

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a goal in understanding eating disorders?

Understanding the nutritional value of foods only Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered an important resource for individuals dealing with eating disorders?

Well-being services Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences food choices in normal eating?

Hunger and personal preference Signup and view all the answers

What is a common emotional response associated with disordered eating?

Guilt around eating certain foods Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of eating disorders?

Frequent avoidance of social situations involving food Signup and view all the answers

Which eating disorder was first published about in 1873 by Sir William Gull?

Anorexia nervosa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following eating disorders was included in the 5th edition of the DSM in 2013?

Binge eating disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between disordered eating and eating disorders?

Eating disorders always involve severe emotional distress Signup and view all the answers

How does disordered eating typically affect social eating situations?

Causes avoidance or difficulty in social contexts Signup and view all the answers

What is a prevalent feeling associated with eating disorders?

Shame surrounding food consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary recommended treatment for Anorexia Nervosa in Young Adults in the UK?

Family therapy and weight restoration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical treatment method for Bulimia Nervosa?

Only psychoeducation Signup and view all the answers

What treatment approach is shared among both Young Adults and Adults for Binge Eating Disorder?

Cognitive behavioural self-help materials Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for weight restoration in treating Anorexia Nervosa?

Reaching a BMI of around 20 Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant psychological challenge that Charlie might be facing?

Fear of weight gain Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant issue highlighted regarding patients with eating disorders?

They often fall through the cracks in the healthcare system. Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as crucial for increasing adherence in care for eating disorders?

Relationship building through the hui process. Signup and view all the answers

Which model is mentioned as part of culturally appropriate screening tools for eating disorders?

Meihana Model. Signup and view all the answers

What approach is suggested for improving the identification of eating disorders among Indigenous populations?

Co-design methodologies involving Indigenous communities. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is associated with the management and treatment of eating disorders?

Insufficient training for healthcare providers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an important factor when considering body image ideals in populations?

Acculturation and body image ideals. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of improving identification pathways for eating disorders, which question is suggested for reflection?

How can co-designed methodologies improve our understanding? Signup and view all the answers

What is a key question regarding the treatment of eating disorders?

Can we completely eradicate eating disorders? Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Ancel Keys' research during the Minnesota experiment?

To investigate the effects of starvation and rehabilitation methods Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes was observed during the restrictive phase of the Minnesota experiment?

Preoccupation with food and changes in eating behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders (CBT-ED)?

It may not address complex trauma or co-morbidities Signup and view all the answers

In the Minnesota experiment, what calorie intake was maintained during the semi-starvation phase?

Approximately 1800 kcals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT reflect changes experienced by participants during the Minnesota experiment's restrictive phase?

Increased need for sleep Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT included in the psychological and dispositional factors associated with eating disorders?

Muscle dysmorphia Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant sociocultural influence on body image and eating disorders?

Weight related teasing Signup and view all the answers

Which age group has the highest prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa (BN)?

16–24 years Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the transdiagnostic model of eating disorders is accurate?

It incorporates various eating disorder diagnoses into a comprehensive framework. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does weight stigma have on individuals with eating disorders?

Severe body dissatisfaction and dieting restrictions Signup and view all the answers

What genetic component is associated with the etiology of eating disorders?

Familial risk and twin studies Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological trait is associated with an increased risk of developing eating disorders?

Introspective awareness Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate comorbidity percentage of anxiety disorders across eating disorders?

62% Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Eating Disorders Lecture Notes

Eating disorders are covered in Introduction to Clinical Psychology (PSY1204) - Lecture 6.
Dr Fidan Turk's contact details and office hours are given.
Stella Kozmér's contact details and office hours are provided.
A visual image of an apple is included.

Lecture Outline

Definitions of eating disorders
Historical landmarks in eating disorders study
Classification of eating disorders
Risk factors and etiology of eating disorders
Epidemiology and prevalence of eating disorders
Identification of eating disorders
Management and treatments for eating disorders

Learning Outcomes

Understanding eating disorders
Identifying differential characteristics of eating disorders diagnoses.
Understanding risk factors and prevalence of eating disorders.
Gaining knowledge of available treatments for eating disorders (EDs).

Reminder

Take care of your well-being.
Well-being services, support channels, and a contact are available at University of Exeter.
BEAT (Beating Eating Disorders) and GP services are mentioned as resources.

What Does Normal Eating Look Like?

Eating regularly with multiple meals and snacks
Feeling hunger and fullness
Eating a balanced diet with variety of foods and nutrients
Adapting to situations and foods as needed.

Differences Between Normal and Disordered Eating

Normal Eating: Food choices primarily motivated by hunger and preference; no guilt or shame associated with eating; no difficulty eating in social situations.
Disordered Eating: Food choices strongly influenced by weight or body image goals; guilt or shame often associated with eating; avoidance or difficulty eating in social situations.
Eating Disorders: Food choices are driven by weight loss goals and concerns associated with restricted eating, binging, or purging. Guilt, shame, avoidance, or attendance of social situations involving food.

Historical Landmarks

15th Century: Anorexia nervosa was first noted.
1873: Sir William Gull described anorexia nervosa.
1979: Bulimia nervosa was formally recognized.
2013: Binge eating disorder was added to the DSM-5.
Other figures/dates: Gerald Russell described the "ominous course" of anorexia, a phrase included in the DSM-5.

Diagnosis and Classification of EDs

Information regarding the differences between DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria for eating disorders.
Information about ICD-11 will be taught.
Relevant information about diagnostic drift may be discussed

Types of Eating Disorders

DSM-V: Binge Eating Disorder (BED), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Pica, Rumination disorder, Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED)
Additional conditions: Orthorexia nervosa (under consideration), Bigorexia (muscle dysmorphia), Emotional overeating, Diabulimia, and Obesity.

Specific Types of Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa: Characterized by refusal to maintain a minimally healthy body weight.
Restricting or Binging/Purging subtypes.
Bulimia Nervosa: Marked by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors.
Self-induced vomiting, laxative or diuretic use.
Binge Eating Disorder: Repetitive episodes of uncontrolled eating followed by feelings of guilt, distress, or shame.

Transdiagnostic Approach

Presentation of a circular graphic illustrating the relationship between eating disorders and no eating disorders.
No eating disorders versus other eating disorders with specific percentages.
Information about the inter-dependency.
Information about eating disorders are discussed.
Overview and different approaches will be given.

Etiology of Eating Disorders

Risk factors and onset timeline
Ethnic background and gender, and cultural differences
Biological and psychological risk factors
Sexual abuse and physical neglect
Gastrointestinal difficulties, picky eating, and pica eating
Discussion about timelines and potential risk factors

Genetic Influence

Genetic components influence eating disorders
Familial risk involved in eating disorders
Interaction of genetic dispositions and individual experiences

Neurobiological Factors

Brain and serotonin function relate to changes in appetite, mood, and impulse control in eating disorders.
Discussion of tryptophan depletion.

Sociocultural Influences

Impact of social groups
Thin ideal internalization, appearance comparison, and body dissatisfaction can lead to eating disorders.
Media influence on sociocultural impacts

Tripartite Model of Eating Disorders

Diagram illustrating the interplay of peer influences, partner influences, familial influences, thin ideal internalization, appearance comparison, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating.

Influence of Peers on Body Image and Eating Disorders

Peer group pressure to tease others that have weight issues
Friends who are on diets
Peer group pressures to conform to body and eating habits
Discussion about weight-related teasing, fat talk, and peers being on diets

Diet Industry and Media

Unrealistic appearance ideals in media
The association of thinness ideals with eating disorders
Weight Stigma and the societal perception of ideal body types

Weight Stigma

The idea that being "fat" is harmful
Leads to severe body dissatisfaction to address the discomfort/shame associated with being "fat"
Leads to long-term dieting behaviours

Psychological and Dispositional Factors

Perfectionism, shyness, neuroticism
Low self-esteem
High introspective awareness of bodily sensations
Negative or depressed affect
Dependence and non-assertiveness

Dysfunctional Scheme for Self-Evaluation

Model illustrating the relationship between over-evaluation of eating, shape, and weight, perfectionism, low self-esteem, and eating disorders
Diagram shows mood intolerance and its relationship to behaviors, compensatory behaviours, dieting and other weight control behaviours, and feelings.

Prevalence and Epidemiology

Statistical data on the evolution of prevalence of eating disorders, including an increase in rates for Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), Atypical AN, Atypical BN, Binge Eating Disorder (BED), EDNOS, and All ED categories.
Galmiche et al., 2019's work

Special Issues for Men

Drive for muscularity
Eating different to bulk up
Exercise, including bradycardia

Community Study Prevalence in the UK

Community study of eating disorders in the UK (Solmi et al., 2016)
Reported prevalence figures for Eating Disorders (EDs), Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and specific age groups

Comorbidity

Anxiety and mood disorders are common in individuals with eating disorders
Impulsivity, including substance use disorders and borderline personality disorder, frequently co-occurs with bulimia nervosa (BN).
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is more common in anorexia nervosa (AN) in comparison to individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN).
Relationship between eating disorder (EDs) and mood and anxiety disorders.
Impulsivity and other diagnoses like substance use disorders and borderline personality disorder in relation to Eating disorders.
Relationship between OCD and Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

Identification of EDs

Discussion point on Case studies and identification of eating disorders in patients (Alex)
Focus on what clinicians do in different situations, and identifying EDs.

Case Study 1

Describes a patient experiencing anxiety and their concerns about weight and eating.

Case Study 2

Presents Charlie, a 27-year-old seeking support due to disordered eating behaviours and their link to low mood and lack of motivation.

Importance of Tackling Eating Disorders Holistically

Minnesota experiment (Keys, 1950): Illustrates how harmful starvation is on the mind, body, and personality.
Overview of the experiment

Changes During Restrictive Phase

Preoccupation with food, changes in eating behavior, emotional and cognitive changes, and social and physical changes
Explanation of these factors

Back to Charlie... CBT-ED

Goal-focused talking therapy (NICE) for eating disorders
Addresses how thoughts influence behaviours.
Explains Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and its stages.

Etiology Model

Diagram showing the relationship between low self-esteem and high negative affect, dieting, bingeing, and compensatory behaviours in bulimia nervosa.

Example of Psycho-education

InsideOut eClinic
Online psychological support materials are available
Graphic illustrating fluctuations in feelings about weight

Limitations of CBT-ED

Discusses the long-term effectiveness and suitability
Common comorbidities, lack of focus on interpersonal relationships, dietary restraint, and service delivery can limit the impact during treatment

Future Directions

Collaborative and integrated care of multiple conditions.
Improving digital systems and technology to help individuals with food and other health-related support.
Using data and digital health tools.
Discussion about improving accessibility, early intervention, and mixture of techniques in relation to Eating disorder care.

Collaborative and Integrated Care

Pathways for eating disorders co-occurring with autism and ADHD
Discussion of communication strategies
Focus on incorporating wellbeing and collaborative care

Psychedelics and EDs

Use of psychedelics across the globe for eating disorders
Primarily Anorexia Nervosa (AN)-focused trials
Limitations in generalizability

FoodT App

App-based food-specific inhibitory control training
Useful tool in treating binge-type eating disorders
Discusses digital health use in eating disorder treatment

Recovery Record

Online tool/record to log daily activities and feelings about eating
The tool aids in recording eating behaviors for individuals seeking recovery.

Practical Steps for Weight Management

Discussion about obesity-related medical help and dietary adjustments.
Ozempic/Wegovy and calorie labelling in eating disorder treatments
Discussion about HAPIFED- obesity management for BED /BN

Questions?

Encourages questions

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to eating disorders and the distinction between normal eating and disordered eating. Test your knowledge on various types of eating behaviors, their characteristics, and the influences behind food choices. Gain insights into important resources and goals for understanding these conditions.