Understanding Disease Exacerbations and Types

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Questions and Answers

What term describes a disease that becomes more active again at a future time with pronounced symptoms?

Chronic

Steady-state

Sub-Acute

Exacerbations (correct)

Which type of disease results from recognizable anatomical changes in an organ or tissue?

Functional

Organic (correct)

Epidemic

Familial

What type of prevention aims to stop a disease from ever occurring?

Tertiary Prevention

Quaternary Prevention

Primary Prevention (correct)

Secondary Prevention

Which of the following is NOT a method of Primary Prevention?

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment Signup and view all the answers

A disease that presents continuously or recurs in a community is known as what?

Endemic Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishing characteristic defines a pandemic?

Extremely widespread affecting entire countries or continents Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a goal of Secondary Prevention?

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of conditions Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease is primarily linked to factors related to a person's occupation?

Occupational Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of hyperpyrexia?

A very high fever of 41ºC (105.8 F) and above Signup and view all the answers

Which method of temperature measurement is considered the most accurate?

Rectal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for taking oral temperature measurements?

Patients with high blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended insertion depth for a rectal thermometer?

0.5 – 1.5 inches Signup and view all the answers

In what position should a patient be placed for a rectal temperature measurement?

Lateral position with legs flexed Signup and view all the answers

Which option includes factors that influence heat production?

Basal metabolism and muscular activity Signup and view all the answers

Why is axillary temperature measurement considered safer?

It does not involve any invasive procedures Signup and view all the answers

What should you do to promote better contact with the thermometer during axillary measurement?

Pat the axilla dry and have the patient reach across their chest Signup and view all the answers

What does Peplau believe is fostered in the nurse-client relationship?

Growth in both the client and the nurse Signup and view all the answers

According to Abdellah, how is nursing defined?

As a problem-solving approach helping to meet health needs Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern of Myra Levine's conservation principles of nursing?

Conservation of the client's energy Signup and view all the answers

How does Levine describe the conservation of structural integrity?

Maintaining physical boundaries to facilitate health Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of personal integrity is essential according to Levine's principles?

Preserving the client's identity and self-worth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the conservation of social integrity?

Acknowledging the influence of family and community Signup and view all the answers

According to Abdellah, nursing addresses what primarily?

Health needs of individuals and families Signup and view all the answers

What is not included in the conservation principles of nursing defined by Levine?

Conservation of financial resources Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when a medication error is made?

Report it immediately to the nurse in-charge or physician. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an advantage of oral medication administration?

It is one of the most convenient methods. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition makes oral medication administration inappropriate?

The gastrointestinal tract has reduced motility. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when administering an elixir?

Water consumption should be avoided for 30 minutes post-administration. Signup and view all the answers

What needs to be done with enteric-coated or sustained-release tablets?

Administer them whole without alteration. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms of oral medication is sugar-based?

Syrup Signup and view all the answers

What should a nurse do when administering a drug via the sublingual route?

Place the drug under the tongue to dissolve. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of oral medication administration?

It is not suitable for patients who are vomiting. Signup and view all the answers

What position should the client be in during a lumbar puncture?

Lateral recumbent with back at the edge of the table Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common adverse effect following a lumbar puncture?

Headache Signup and view all the answers

Which size of spinal needle is appropriate for adults during a lumbar puncture?

18G or 20G Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if a headache persists after a lumbar puncture?

Consider an epidural patch if necessary Signup and view all the answers

What should the client be instructed to do post-lumbar puncture to help prevent a spinal headache?

Remain flat for 8 hours Signup and view all the answers

During Queckenstedt's Test, what indicates a complete block?

No pressure change Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum time allowed for suctioning during the procedure?

15 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Before a suctioning procedure, what should be done first?

Assess the lungs for baseline information Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exacerbations and Disease Types

Exacerbations: Recurrence of pronounced symptoms in a disease at a later time.
Sub-Acute: Symptoms are pronounced but persist longer than in acute conditions.
Organic Diseases: Result from structural changes in organs or tissues.
Functional Diseases: No anatomical changes; symptoms arise from abnormal responses to stimuli.
Occupational Diseases: Linked to factors related to an individual's occupation.
Venereal Diseases: Transmitted through sexual relations.
Familial Diseases: Occur in multiple family members.
Epidemic: Large-scale outbreak affecting many individuals simultaneously (e.g., SARS).
Endemic: Disease presents continuously or recurs within a community (e.g., malaria).
Pandemic: Widespread epidemic affecting an entire country or continent.
Sporadic: Occasional case occurrences (e.g., dengue, leptospirosis).

Levels of Prevention by Leavell and Clark

Primary Prevention: Prevents disease at a pre-pathologic stage to maintain health.
- Health Promotion: Includes education, counseling, genetic screening, and nutrition.
- Specific Protection: Involves immunizations, hygiene, environmental sanitation, and accident protection.
Secondary Prevention: Identifies illnesses early to prevent disability and limit complications.
- Early Diagnosis: Includes case finding, screening surveys, and prevention of communicable diseases.

Nursing Theories

Abdellah's Approach: Focuses on problem-solving and patient-centered care.
- Defined nursing based on health needs and developed 21 nursing-problem areas.
Levine's Conservational Principles: Emphasizes conservation as a nursing intervention.
- Four Principles: Energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity.

Body Temperature and Measurement

Pyrexia: Body temperature exceeds normal ranges.
Hyperpyrexia: Very high fever (41ºC or 105.8ºF and above).
Hypothermia: Subnormal body temperature.
Normal Temperature Ranges:
- Oral: 36.5 – 37.5 ºC.
- Axillary: 35.8 – 37.0 ºC.
- Rectal: 37.0 – 38.1 ºC.
- Tympanic: 36.8 – 37.9 ºC.

Methods of Temperature Measurement

Oral: Accessible and convenient; ensure 15 minutes post food/drink for accuracy.
- Contraindications: Young children, unconscious patients, mouth-breathing.
Rectal: Most accurate; requires lateral positioning and lubricant.
- Contraindications: Diarrhea, recent rectal surgery, myocardial infarction.
Axillary: Non-invasive; hold thermometer for 9 minutes for proper reading.
- Contraindications: Skin disease, recent axillary surgery.
Tympanic: Requires client consent and patient stability.

Lumbar Puncture Guidelines

Technique: Insert spinal needle between lumbar vertebrae with specific gauge for age.
Post-Procedure: Patient must remain flat for 8 hours to prevent headaches.
Queckenstedt’s Test: Assesses CSF pressure reaction during lumbar puncture to check for blockages.

Nursing Procedures

Steam Inhalation: Requires physician’s order; maintain safe distance from client.
Suctioning: Assess lung function, ensure sterile technique, and limit suction time to 15 seconds.

Medication Administration Methods

Oral Administration: Convenient with various forms (solid, liquid) but poses risks if swallowing difficulties exist.
- Notable Forms: Tablets, suspensions, elixirs; avoid crushing enteric-coated or sustained-release tablets.
Sublingual Administration: Rapid bloodstream absorption; must dissolve under the tongue without swallowing.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of disease exacerbations, including the differences between acute, sub-acute, organic, and functional diseases. Test your knowledge on how these classifications impact the understanding of various health conditions.