42 Questions
What is the main focus of the Medical model of disability?
The main focus is on identifying and 'correcting' the physical 'problem' with the individual caused by an abnormality, illness, or accident.
According to the Social model of disability, what creates disability?
The Social model views disability as socially created barriers within the environment.
Which model of disability requires a medical correction of the individual?
The Medical model of disability requires medical correction of the individual.
What does the Social model of disability suggest as a response to disability?
The Social model suggests a policy and cultural response rather than medical correction of the individual.
Which model of disability arguably remains the dominant view within society and most health care professions?
The Medical model of disability arguably remains the dominant view within society and most health care professions.
What is the main focus of the World Health Organisation (WHO) in relation to disability?
The World Health Organisation publishes systems for classifying aspects of ill-health.
What are the components of a typical aural rehabilitation session for adults?
Assessment/reassessment, hearing aid fitting, follow-up
What does the acronym ENT stand for in the context of audiological assessment?
Ear Nose and Throat
What is the main route for patients complaining of hearing problems to receive audiological rehabilitation?
Direct referral
What is the percentage of users who discard their hearing aids in the first year of use?
Up to 30%
In the context of remediation, what does HL stand for?
Hearing Loss
What is the purpose of the first session in the basic adult auditory rehabilitation?
Assessment/Reassessment
What is the aim of the second session in the basic adult auditory rehabilitation?
Hearing aid fitting
What is the focus of the third session in the basic adult auditory rehabilitation?
Follow-up
What are some of the factors evaluated during the follow-up session in adult auditory rehabilitation?
Own voice quality, feedback, earmould discomfort, aid insertion/removal, operation of controls
What does the acronym REMS stand for in the context of hearing aid fitting?
Real Ear Measurement System
What is the main purpose of the direct referral route for audiological rehabilitation?
To rule out sinister causes and refer to audiology
What is the significance of the comprehensive audiological assessment in the context of remediation?
To evaluate the communication status and auditory case history
What are the definitions of impairment, disability, and handicap according to the 1980 classification system?
Impairment: Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. Disability: Results from impairment, any restriction in ability to perform an activity in a manner considered within the normal range. Handicap: Resulting from a disability, any limitation of a role that is normal for.
How can impairment, disability, and handicap be measured in audiology according to the 1980 classification system?
Impairment: Pure tone audiometry, otoacoustic emissions. Disability: Performance measures, self-report measures like speech perception testing or other questionnaires. Handicap: Self-report measures like Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile (GHABP).
How can impairment, disability, and handicap be minimized in audiology according to the 1980 classification system?
Impairment: Prevention (hearing protection, genetic counseling), 'cure' underlying problems with surgery or medication. Disability: Reduce disability with prostheses such as hearing aids, assistive listening devices. Handicap: Minimize impact on life by teaching communication skills, coping strategies, adapting lifestyle, counseling.
In the case study, what is Lama's impairment?
Lama's impairment is a mild but progressive hearing loss.
In the case study, what is Lama's disability?
Lama's disability is the difficulty in listening or hearing her lectures properly due to her hearing loss.
In the case study, what is Lama's handicap?
Lama's handicap is the limited opportunity to pass her courses due to her hearing difficulty.
According to the 1980 classification system, does using a hearing aid in class represent an impairment, disability, or both for Lama?
Using a hearing aid in class represents an impairment, but not necessarily a disability for Lama.
Does the 1980 classification system capture the effect of ill-health according to the text?
No, the experiences of ill-health are complex, and the simple impairment/disability/handicap model does not account for the interaction between factors. It implies a unidirectional relationship where impairments lead to disabilities and disabilities lead to handicap. It also does not account for the affect of other factors on the degree of handicap, such as the social and physical environment.
What were the underlying principles of the 2001 classification system according to the text?
The underlying principles of the 2001 classification system were universality, parity, and the importance of the environment. It focused on the impact rather than the cause of ill-health.
What is the new model of disability based on in the 2001 classification system?
The new model of disability is based on the biopsychosocial or integrative model, which implies that biological, psychological, and social factors influence how a health condition may affect human functioning.
What are the key differences in emphasis between the 1980 and 2001 classification systems?
The 1980 system emphasized the cause of ill-health and described 'what is wrong' with the individual, while the 2001 system focused on the impact rather than the cause of ill-health, based on the principles of universality, parity, and the importance of the environment.
What are some of the applications of the 1980 classification system?
The 1980 classification system can be used as a tool for structuring research, collating data, clinical assessment, and education.
What is the 'universal model' of disability?
Views disability as a continuum that everyone is on, rather than a minority model of disability
What is the basis of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)?
Biosychosocial model
How does the ICF classify disability?
At 3 levels: level of body or body part, level of whole person, and level of whole person within society
What are contextual factors according to the ICF?
Personal factors and environmental factors
What are some examples of environmental factors according to the ICF?
Attitudes of society, family situation, legal and social structures, manmade environment, natural environment, availability of technologies and other resources
What are some uses of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)?
Planning treatment/service needs, assessing treatment outcome, assessing treatment effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, defining and assessing eligibility for Audiology
What are the three levels of functioning at which disabilities are classified according to the ICF?
Level of body or body part, level of whole person, and level of whole person within society
What are the consequences of hearing impairment according to Ramsdell's three levels of hearing?
Symbolic or speech level, loss of signals/warnings, loss of auditory background
What is the goal of aural rehabilitation?
Alleviating the difficulties related to hearing
When is aural habilitation used?
When the person receiving the service is a child
What are the typical components of an adult aural rehabilitation programme?
Evaluation
What are the components of an adult aural rehabilitation programme at the simplest level?
Evaluation
Study Notes
Models of Disability
- The Medical model of disability focuses on correcting or curing the individual's impairment.
- The Social model of disability suggests that disability is created by societal barriers and attitudes.
- The Medical model of disability requires a medical correction of the individual.
- The Social model of disability suggests that the response to disability should be to remove societal barriers and promote inclusion.
Audiology and Rehabilitation
- A typical aural rehabilitation session for adults involves assessment, counseling, and habilitation/rehabilitation.
- ENT stands for Ear, Nose, and Throat in the context of audiological assessment.
- The main route for patients complaining of hearing problems to receive audiological rehabilitation is through a doctor's referral.
- Approximately 20% of users discard their hearing aids in the first year of use.
- HL stands for Hearing Loss in the context of remediation.
- The purpose of the first session in basic adult auditory rehabilitation is to assess and counsel the individual.
- The aim of the second session is to provide educational support and address communication strategies.
- The focus of the third session is to provide advanced communication strategies and address any remaining issues.
- During the follow-up session, factors such as hearing aid use, communication strategies, and overall satisfaction are evaluated.
- REMS stands for Real Ear Measurement System in the context of hearing aid fitting.
- The main purpose of the direct referral route for audiological rehabilitation is to allow individuals to access services directly.
Classification Systems
- The 1980 classification system defines impairment as a deviation or loss, disability as a limitation, and handicap as a disadvantage.
- Impairment, disability, and handicap can be measured in audiology according to the 1980 classification system through assessment of the individual's abilities and limitations.
- Impairment, disability, and handicap can be minimized in audiology according to the 1980 classification system through rehabilitation and accommodation.
- In the case study, Lama's impairment is her hearing loss, disability is her difficulty hearing in class, and handicap is her limitation in participating in class discussions.
- Using a hearing aid in class represents a disability for Lama according to the 1980 classification system.
ICF and Disability
- The 1980 classification system does not capture the effect of ill-health according to the text.
- The underlying principles of the 2001 classification system are that disability is a universal human experience and that functioning is the core concept.
- The 2001 classification system is based on a biopsychosocial model of disability.
- The key differences between the 1980 and 2001 classification systems are the focus on environmental factors and the recognition of disability as a universal human experience.
- The 1980 classification system has applications in fields such as audiology and rehabilitation.
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
- The ICF is based on a biopsychosocial model of disability.
- The ICF classifies disability through a framework of body functions, activities, and participation.
- Contextual factors according to the ICF include environmental and personal factors that influence functioning.
- Examples of environmental factors according to the ICF include physical, social, and attitudinal environments.
- The ICF has uses in fields such as rehabilitation, education, and policy-making.
- Disabilities are classified at three levels of functioning according to the ICF: body functions, activities, and participation.
Aural Rehabilitation and Habilitation
- The goal of aural rehabilitation is to improve communication and reduce the impact of hearing impairment.
- Aural habilitation is used with children who have never developed communication skills.
- The typical components of an adult aural rehabilitation programme include assessment, counseling, and habilitation/rehabilitation.
- At the simplest level, an adult aural rehabilitation programme consists of assessment, counseling, and education.
Test your knowledge on the universal model of disability and its synthesis of medical and social models. Explore how disability is viewed as an interaction between individuals and their physical and social context, as well as the biosychosocial model.
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