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Questions and Answers
What term does the WHO currently use to denote functional limitation?
What term does the WHO currently use to denote functional limitation?
In the context of the ICF model, how is disability defined?
In the context of the ICF model, how is disability defined?
Which aspect is NOT related to the concept of ability limitation as per the WHO?
Which aspect is NOT related to the concept of ability limitation as per the WHO?
What is the primary focus of the ICF model?
What is the primary focus of the ICF model?
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Which of the following terms best describes the inability to perform tasks?
Which of the following terms best describes the inability to perform tasks?
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What are the two main types of impairments discussed?
What are the two main types of impairments discussed?
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What does the term 'composite impairment' refer to?
What does the term 'composite impairment' refer to?
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At what level do functional limitations occur?
At what level do functional limitations occur?
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Which of the following best describes primary impairments?
Which of the following best describes primary impairments?
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Which type of impairment might be caused indirectly due to another condition?
Which type of impairment might be caused indirectly due to another condition?
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What is one of the primary components of the ICF model?
What is one of the primary components of the ICF model?
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Which aspect is least likely to be included in the ICF model?
Which aspect is least likely to be included in the ICF model?
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In the context of the ICF model, health is influenced by which of the following?
In the context of the ICF model, health is influenced by which of the following?
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Which term would likely not be a focus of the ICF model?
Which term would likely not be a focus of the ICF model?
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The ICF model primarily aims to assess which of the following aspects of an individual's health?
The ICF model primarily aims to assess which of the following aspects of an individual's health?
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What is the primary role of effective interventions in health care?
What is the primary role of effective interventions in health care?
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Which of the following is identified as a key effective intervention?
Which of the following is identified as a key effective intervention?
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What is represented at the organ/system level in the ICF model?
What is represented at the organ/system level in the ICF model?
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What can the implementation of effective interventions lead to in terms of health outcomes?
What can the implementation of effective interventions lead to in terms of health outcomes?
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What are impairments primarily a result of?
What are impairments primarily a result of?
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Which component of the ICF model corresponds to societal level?
Which component of the ICF model corresponds to societal level?
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In the Nagi model, which level precedes functional limitation?
In the Nagi model, which level precedes functional limitation?
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In which of the following scenarios can effective interventions not contribute significantly?
In which of the following scenarios can effective interventions not contribute significantly?
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Which level of the body do impairments reflect abnormalities in?
Which level of the body do impairments reflect abnormalities in?
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What is the ultimate goal of using therapeutic interventions?
What is the ultimate goal of using therapeutic interventions?
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How can impairments be categorized?
How can impairments be categorized?
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What is the main difference between the ICF and ICIDH models at the personal level?
What is the main difference between the ICF and ICIDH models at the personal level?
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Impairments do NOT indicate which of the following?
Impairments do NOT indicate which of the following?
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Which model explicitly includes 'handicap' at the societal level?
Which model explicitly includes 'handicap' at the societal level?
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What best describes the nature of impairments?
What best describes the nature of impairments?
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Study Notes
Disability Models
- Disability models describe the impact and consequences of conditions like disease or injury on an individual's functioning.
- These disruptions affect an individual's ability to perform everyday societal roles and functions.
- The process of disablement is not always linear or irreversible and depends on factors like the condition's severity and duration, along with a patient's motivation and desires.
Nagi Model
- The Nagi model breaks down disablement into three levels:
- Tissue/Cellular Level: Active pathology (e.g. disease)
- Organ/System Level: Impairment (e.g. reduced function of a system or organ)
- Personal/Societal Level: Functional limitation & disability (e.g. reduced ability to perform daily activities, societal limitations)
The International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH) Model
- The ICIDH model categorizes the problem at three levels, like the Nagi model.
- Tissue/Cellular Level: Disease (e.g. a diagnosis of a condition)
- Organ/System Level: Impairment (e.g. reduced body function)
- Personal Level: Disability (e.g. problems performing activities)
- Societal Level: Handicap (e.g. limitations in social participation/roles or opportunities)
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) Model
- The ICF model places emphasis on a person's overall functioning, not just limitations.
- Tissue/Cellular Level: Impairment of body structure/function (e.g., anatomical issues or physiological dysfunction)
- Personal Level: Activity limitation (e.g., difficulty performing specific activities of daily living).
- Societal Level: Participation restriction (e.g., challenges in social interactions).
Comparison of Models
- Comparing the three models, there is a difference in categories of disablement. Active pathology is used for tissue/cellular level in the Nagi model unlike the other two models that use disease.
- For the individual level, the three models describe limitation in function differently, with functional limitation for the Nagi model, disability for ICIDH Model, and Activity limitations in ICF model.
- At the societal level, disability for disability in Nagi model becomes handicap for the ICIDH model and Participation Restriction in ICF model.
Use of Disability Models in Physical Therapy
- Provides a framework for clinical decision making.
- Enables standardization of terminology ensuring better documentation and communication.
- Can help prevent or reduce the risks of conditions.
- Helps identify effective therapeutic exercise interventions and strategies.
Impact of Therapeutic Exercise on the Disablement Process
- Effective interventions help reduce risk factors and impairments that can impact a person's quality of life.
Key Concepts
- Pathology/Pathophysiology: Disruptions in the body's homeostasis (balance) due to disease or other issues. Includes a range of abnormal findings and symptoms.
- Impairments: The consequences of pathological conditions, manifested in signs and symptoms related to specific body systems. Impairments can be primary and secondary.
- Functional Limitations: The limitations a person faces in performing activities of daily living, often due to impairment.
- Disability: This is the inability of an individual to carry out tasks of daily routines.
- Handicap: Limitations in social participation or opportunities.
- Prevention: Reducing the severity or duration of existing diseases.
- Risk Factors: Influences or characteristics related to disablement.
Common Physical Impairments Managed with Therapeutic Exercise
- Musculoskeletal: Muscle weakness, reduced torque production, decreased muscular endurance, restricted range of motion, joint hypermobility, faulty posture, imbalances in muscle length/strength.
- Neuromuscular: Impaired balance, postural stability, or control, incoordination, delayed motor development, abnormal tone (hypotonia, hypertonia, dystonia), ineffective/inefficient functional movement strategies.
- Cardiovascular/Pulmonary: Decreased aerobic capacity, impaired circulation, pain during physical activity.
- Integumentary: Skin hypomobility (e.g., immobile or adherent scarring).
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Description
Explore various disability models that explain how conditions impact an individual's functioning and societal roles. This quiz delves into the Nagi model and the ICIDH model, outlining the different levels of disablement and their implications. Test your understanding of these important concepts in disability studies.
