45 Questions
According to the medical model of disability, how is disability viewed?
As a physical 'problem' with the individual
What does the social model of disability emphasize?
The role of environmental barriers in creating disability
Which model of disability is seen as the dominant view within society according to the text?
Medical model
In the context of disability, what does the social model link to?
Civil rights movement
According to the medical model, what should be identified and 'corrected' to improve an individual's function?
Cause of disability
What does the social model suggest is required to accommodate individuals whose needs differ from the majority?
Policy and cultural response
What does the World Health Organisation publish systems for classifying?
Aspects of ill-health
According to the 'universal model' of disability, how is disability viewed?
As a continuum that everyone is on
According to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), how are disabilities classified at the level of whole person within society?
In terms of participation restriction
What are contextual factors according to the ICF?
Personal and environmental factors that influence how a person's health affects their functioning
What is the main goal of aural rehabilitation?
Alleviated the difficulties related to hearing
According to Ramsdell's three levels of hearing, what occurs at the 'symbolic or speech level'?
Words are symbols for objects and activities
What is the basis of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)?
Biosychosocial model
What does the ICF classify at the level of body or body part?
Disabilities in terms of an impairment of a body part or body function
What is the emphasis of the 1980 classification system for diseases?
Cause of ill-health
According to the 1980 classification system, what does the term 'disability' refer to?
Results from impairment any restriction in ability to perform an activity in a manner considered within the normal range
In audiology, how can we measure impairment?
Pure tone audiometry, otoacoustic emissions
What are the primary handicaps experienced by individuals with hearing impairments in audiology?
Anxiety, embarrassment, restricted social participation
What is the new model of disability based on the 2001 classification system?
Biopsychosocial or integrative model of disability
What does the biopsychosocial framework imply?
Biological, psychological, and social factors influence how a health condition may affect human functioning
How does the 2001 classification system differ from the 1980 system regarding the focus of impact?
'Disabled' are not a separate group
Which component is NOT part of the typical adult rehabilitation sessions?
Audiological Diagnosis
What is the main route for patients who go to their GP complaining of hearing problems?
Direct referral to an audiologist
What percentage of users discard their hearing aids within the first year of use, based on evidence mentioned in the text?
30%
What is the purpose of arranging a follow-up appointment in the context of hearing aid fitting?
To evaluate progress with hearing aid(s)
Which evaluation is NOT mentioned as part of the follow-up session in hearing aid fitting?
Visual acuity assessment
What is the purpose of 'Pre-issue counseling and literature' in the context of assessment/reassessment?
To provide information about hearing aids
What does 'REM' stand for in the context of fitting earmould and hearing aid(s)?
Real Ear Measurements
What is the main purpose of the 'Basic Adult Auditory Rehabilitation - Direct Referral' route?
To rule out sinister causes related to hearing problems
'Who prompts patients to consult about hearing loss' refers to a study by which author?
'Mahoney et al.'
The International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (1980) primarily focuses on the impact rather than the cause of ill-health.
False
The 2001 classification system for diseases places all health conditions on an equal footing, regardless of their aetiology.
True
The 1980 classification system accounts for the interaction between impairments, disabilities, and handicaps.
False
The social model views disability as a consequence of a physical 'problem' with the individual caused by an abnormality, illness, or accident.
False
According to the medical model, cause of disability should be identified and 'corrected’ medically to improve the individual's function.
True
The social model suggests that individuals do not need 'curing' if the environment accommodates those whose needs differ from the majority.
True
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) classifies disabilities at the level of body or body part in terms of participation restriction.
False
Aural rehabilitation is aimed at restoring or optimizing a patient’s participation in activities that have been limited as a result of hearing loss.
True
According to Ramsdell's three levels of hearing, the 'loss of auditory background' refers to general auditory input that occurs in daily living, such as the tick of a clock or distant sound of traffic.
True
Direct Referral is the main route for patients that go to their GP complaining of hearing problems.
True
The Goldstein and Stephens model focuses on the selection of hardware, amplification, and assistive listening devices in audiological rehabilitation.
False
The 'Basic Adult Auditory Rehabilitation - Direct Referral' route requires a minimum of 2 sessions at 6-8 week intervals.
False
The social model of disability emphasizes the need to accommodate individuals whose needs differ from the majority.
True
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) classifies disabilities at the level of body or body part.
False
There is some evidence that up to 20% of users discard their hearing aids in the first year of use.
False
Study Notes
Models of Disability
- The medical model of disability views disability as a consequence of a physical 'problem' with the individual caused by an abnormality, illness, or accident.
- The social model of disability emphasizes the need to accommodate individuals whose needs differ from the majority.
- The social model links disability to societal barriers and restrictions.
- The dominant view within society is the medical model of disability.
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
- The ICF classifies disabilities at the level of whole person within society in terms of activity limitations.
- At the level of body or body part, the ICF classifies disabilities in terms of impairment.
- Contextual factors according to the ICF include environmental and personal factors.
Aural Rehabilitation
- The main goal of aural rehabilitation is to restore or optimize a patient's participation in activities that have been limited as a result of hearing loss.
- According to Ramsdell's three levels of hearing, at the 'symbolic or speech level', the individual's ability to understand spoken language is affected.
International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (1980)
- The 1980 classification system primarily focuses on the impact rather than the cause of ill-health.
- The 1980 system accounts for the interaction between impairments, disabilities, and handicaps.
- The term 'disability' in the 1980 system refers to the lack of ability to perform a task or activity.
Hearing Aid Fitting and Rehabilitation
- In audiology, impairment can be measured through pure tone audiometry.
- The primary handicaps experienced by individuals with hearing impairments in audiology are social isolation and emotional distress.
- The main route for patients who go to their GP complaining of hearing problems is Direct Referral.
- Up to 20% of users discard their hearing aids in the first year of use.
- The purpose of arranging a follow-up appointment in the context of hearing aid fitting is to evaluate the effectiveness of the hearing aid and make adjustments as needed.
Explore the biosychosocial model of disability, which incorporates the 'universal model' and synthesizes the medical and social models. This model views disability as an interaction between the individual and the context in which they live, encompassing both physical and social aspects.
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