Disability and Impairment Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of impairment?

A problem with a structure or organ of the body (correct)

A temporary condition affecting cognitive ability

A disadvantage in filling a role in life

A functional limitation regarding a particular activity

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between impairment and disability?

A person can be impaired and not necessarily disabled (correct)

All impaired individuals are disabled

All disabled individuals are impaired (correct)

Only handicapped individuals can be disabled

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing disability?

Cognition

Physical environment

Education

Socioeconomic status (correct)

What type of disability is characterized by a condition expected to last until death?

Permanent disability Signup and view all the answers

In the context of disability classification, what does 'progressive' refer to?

A disability that deteriorates towards a more severe status Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates the concept of a regressive disability?

Restoration of limb functions after a stroke Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately reflects the term 'handicap'?

A disadvantage in fulfilling a role in life Signup and view all the answers

How may the environment affect a person's disability, as illustrated in the example of DM retinopathy?

A bright environment can help mitigate the effects of visual impairment Signup and view all the answers

What does impairment refer to in the context of disability?

A loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes disability?

It is a restriction or lack of ability to perform normal daily activities due to impairment. Signup and view all the answers

How is handicap understood in the context of disability?

A social disadvantage due to impairment or disability that limits interaction with the environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an impairment?

Blindness Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between impairment and disability?

Impairment can exist without causing any disability. Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended safety measure for areas that may pose danger to someone with Alzheimer's?

Locking doors that lead to hazardous areas Signup and view all the answers

Which modification can reduce the risk of electrical shock in a kitchen for someone with dementia?

Removing knobs from cooking appliances Signup and view all the answers

What type of items should be securely stored in the kitchen for safety?

Knives and cooking implements Signup and view all the answers

What feature can enhance safety in the bathroom for Alzheimer's patients?

Adequately anchored grab bars Signup and view all the answers

Which is an effective way to prevent slipping in the bathtub?

Placing non-skid mats in the bathtub Signup and view all the answers

What kind of environmental modification can assist individuals with dementia in a home setting?

Using color contrast for rugs and window coverings Signup and view all the answers

Which product can make toilet access easier for someone with dementia?

A raised toilet seat Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates mentally ill persons from mentally retarded individuals?

The occurrence of emotional disturbances Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of dementia cases does Alzheimer's disease account for?

60 to 80 percent Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dementia is considered the second most common?

Vascular dementia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the core mental functions significantly impaired in dementia?

Creativity Signup and view all the answers

What is one goal of physiotherapy for dementia patients?

Reduce risk of falls Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of cardiorespiratory endurance exercise?

Walking Signup and view all the answers

How long is it recommended for a dementia patient to engage in aerobic and endurance exercises daily?

30 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with dementia?

Difficulty planning and preparing meals Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of exercise for dementia patients?

It can lift mood and ease stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for performing strength and resistance training exercises?

Three times a week Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of stretching and flexibility exercises?

Increases muscle mass Signup and view all the answers

Why is balance training particularly important for patients with dementia?

To reduce the risk of falling Signup and view all the answers

Which exercise is categorized under gait training?

High stepping Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major goals of gait re-education?

Lengthening stride Signup and view all the answers

What method can be used to improve gait by overcoming a shuffling pattern?

Drawing foot marks with colors Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is NOT recommended during balance training?

Regular jogging Signup and view all the answers

What role does an occupational therapist play in the rehabilitation process?

Assist in changing and enhancing the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of musculo-skeletal disorders affecting the lower limbs?

Difficulties in maintaining an upright position Signup and view all the answers

Which internal organ-related conditions are often regarded as having hidden disabilities?

Chronic internal diseases like asthma and cancer Signup and view all the answers

What can result from weakness of muscles due to disuse atrophy or myopathy?

Difficulties maintaining posture Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to higher incidences of hip fractures rather than wrist fractures in neurologically impaired individuals?

Poorer reaction times and inability to stretch out hands Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge faced by persons with visual impairments in their environment?

Difficulty navigating dark or cluttered environments Signup and view all the answers

Which group does NOT fall under mentally handicapped persons?

Hearing impaired persons Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of mentally retarded cases is caused by illness during childhood?

42% Signup and view all the answers

What can result from ear diseases in hearing impaired individuals?

Vertigo leading to imbalance and falls Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Objectives

Students should be able to define impairment after this lecture.
Students should be able to identify disability after this lecture.
Students should be able to recognize causes of disability after this lecture.
Students should be able to define the classification of disability after this lecture.
Students should be able to define handicap after this lecture.

Introduction

Disabled people represent a significant social problem.
Rehabilitation is the best support for disabled people.
Comprehensive rehabilitation is needed, addressing all needs.

Impairment

Impairment is a loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structures.
Loss or abnormalities of organs or functions of the organism can constitute a disability.
Impairment concerns abnormalities of body structure and appearance or organ and system functioning, regardless of cause.
Examples of impairments include: blindness, deafness, paralysis of a limb (amputation).

Disability

Disability is a restriction or lack of ability, resulting from an impairment, to perform a normal daily activity in the normal manner or range.
Disability is the functional consequence of impairment.

Handicap

Handicap is a social concept, a disadvantage resulting from impairment or disability.
Handicap limits or prevents interaction with the physical and social environment.
Examples of handicaps include being restricted to home, unable to use public transport, or social isolation.

Other

Impairment is a problem with a body structure or organ.
Disability is a functional limitation related to a specific activity.
Handicap is a disadvantage in fulfilling a role in life.
All disabled people are impaired, but not all impaired people are disabled.
A person can be impaired and not disabled.
A person can be disabled without being handicapped.

Factors Influencing Disability

Cognition
Education
Culture
Psychological factors (gender, race, age)
Physical environment
Financial

Classification of Disability

Persistence: Temporary or permanent
Temporary: Lasting for a definite period (e.g., after a stroke)
Permanent: Not expected to change until death (e.g., blindness)
Time of onset: From birth or acquired later in life
From birth: Present from the beginning
Acquired: Developing later in life, due to disease or injury.
Progression: Progressive or regressive
Progressive: Deteriorating and leading to a more severe status (e.g., optic atrophy)
Regressive: Improving and leading to advancement (e.g., recovery from a stroke)

Causes of Disability

Hereditary and congenital factors
Diseases
Malnutrition
Traumas (injuries)
Natural changes due to aging

Disability Prevention

First level prevention: Reducing the occurrence of impairments.
Second level prevention: Limiting or reversing disability caused by impairment.
Third level prevention: Preventing the transition of disability into handicap.

First Level Prevention

Eradicate malnutrition (increase food production and distribution).
Eliminate communicable diseases.
Immunization against diseases (polio, tuberculosis, measles, whooping cough).
Extensive perinatal care through primary healthcare.
Safe water and sanitation facilities.
Reduce accident rates.
Socioeconomic development for individuals and the country.
Health education.
Limit use of alcohol and tobacco.
Prevent child neglect and abuse.

Second Level Prevention

Provision of adequate drugs (leprosy, tuberculosis, ear infections, hypertension, diabetes).
Provision of essential surgery (treating wounds, fractures).
Providing rehabilitation during disability.
Effective system of referral to heath centers.
Vocational and Educational counseling. (Can reduce the incidence and severity of disability by 10-20%).

Third Level Prevention

Rehabilitation
Orthopedic orthoses and prosthesis
Glasses for visual impairment
Hearing aids
Vocational schools & training for the disabled
Improving the economic status of disabled people
Speech therapy
Job provision for the disabled

Categories of Handicapped Persons

Physically handicapped:
Locomotor system impairments (disorders)
Disorders of internal systems (organs)
Musculo-skeletal disorders (arthritis, fractures, myopathy).
Neurological disorders (peripheral neuropathy, stroke, Parkinson's disease).
Sensorily handicapped:
Visually handicapped (visual impairment e.g. cataract, retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy)
Hearing handicapped (ear disorders causing imbalance and falls)
Mentally handicapped:
Mentally retarded persons
Mentally ill persons
Persons suffering from epilepsy
Causes of Mental Retardation
Illness during childhood (42%)
Head trauma in childhood (10%)
Pregnancy and birth-related problems (3%)
Hereditary (2%)
Unknown cause (23%)
Limited mental abilities in perception, memory, decision-making, judging, reasoning, solving problems
Slower mental processes than normal and reduced learning abilities.

Mental Illnesses

Mental illness: emotional disturbances, behavioral abnormalities, and reduced capacity for normal daily life.
Often acquired later in life and may be short-term, recurring, or have lasting effects.
May be psychogenic (no organic brain changes) or caused by organic brain changes.
Schizophrenia
Manic-depressive psychosis
Paranoia
Causes of Mental Illness
Pregnancy and birth-related problems (46%)
Unknown causes (36%)
Illness during childhood (9%)

Epilepsy

Epilepsy: A nervous disorder with episodic disturbances of brain function, often with mental implications, particularly in later stages.
Characterized by sudden loss of consciousness, associated with convulsion (physical seizure), and sensory/motor changes.

Dementia

Dementia is a term for a wide range of symptoms caused by a decline in memory, other thinking skills, problem-solving, and language.
Severe enough to reduce capacity for everyday tasks.
Common causes include Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.
Symptoms include memory problems, difficulty keeping track of belongings (purse, wallet), paying bills, planning and preparing meals, remembering appointments, and difficulty traveling to unfamiliar places.

Interventions in Dementia

Physical Therapy
Improve physical function (mobility, balance, coordination, strength)
Reduce risk of falls (teach judgment, spatial control)
Improve mood, ease stress, and provide calm
Improve cardiovascular health
Provide sense of accomplishment
Improve sleep
Occupational Therapy
Change and enhance the environment for safety and improving function.
Prevent access to hazardous areas (basements, garages, tool sheds, kitchen, bathrooms).
Use safety devices (grab bars in bathrooms and tubs, raised toilet seats, nonskid mats).
Label items clearly.
Use color contrasts to aid perception.

Role of Physical Therapy

Aerobic and Endurance Exercises (30 minutes daily, walking, cycling, swimming)
Strength and Resistance Training (10-15 reps of 8-10 exercises, 3 times per week)
Stretching and Flexibility Exercises
Balance Training (improve confidence, reduce falls, exercise variations)
Gait Training (improve mobility and functional ability without support)

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to disability and impairment. This quiz covers definitions, classifications, and relationships within the context of disability. Explore how various factors and the environment influence disability and examine examples of impairments and disabilities.