UCSP-Q1-WEEK1-D2 Module PDF

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY MODULE IN UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS Q1 / Week 1/ Day 2 What’s New...

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY MODULE IN UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS Q1 / Week 1/ Day 2 What’s New DAY 2  E.B. Tylor, anthropology’s founder, gave a definition to start with;  “That complex whole which includes  Knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom  And any other capabilities, and habits  Acquired by man [both genders]  As a member of society” Definition of culture Different sociologists have differently denied the term culture:  Taylor: “Culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and habits and any capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.”  Linton: “Culture is social heredity, which is transmitted from one generation to another with the accumulation of individual differences.”  John Beattee: “Culture is the way of life which is transmitted from generation to generation.” I. Cultural Variation, Social Differences, Social Change and Political Identities Globally, culture is a distinctive identity of every individual or nation, thus it is called multicultural. Every nation or a region in a specific country has rich diversity in social practices that different cultures exhibit around the world. From cuisines and arts are all transformed from one culture to the next, along with gender roles, economic systems, and social hierarchy among any number of other humanly organized behaviours this is where cultural variation emerges. Human Cultural Variation refers to the differences in social behaviours that different cultures exhibit around the world. What may be considered good etiquette in one culture may be considered bad etiquette in another. (globalsociology.pbworks.com). Cultural variation can be studied across cultures, for instance, a cross cultural study of ritual in Indonesia and Philippines or across generations such as a comparison of Generation X and Generation Y and is often a subject studied by anthropologist, sociologist and cultural theorists. Social differences are widely shared cultural beliefs that define the socially significant distinctions on the basis of which a society is structured and inequality is organized (e.g., race, gender, occupation). Page 1  The primary components of cultural variations are Religion, Ethnicity and Nationality. Every country has its own religious beliefs and practices that vary and diverse. Religion can be defined as a set of practices and behaviours that relate to a group of people's belief in a God or a group of gods. In the Philippines, Ethnicity has been defined as a family's common ancestry through which identity develops as a result of evolved shared values and customs (McGoldrick, Giordano, and Pearce 1996). Ethnicity, or ethnic group, consist of individuals and families who are members of international, national, religious, cultural, and racial groups that do not belong to the dominant group in a society. Cultural Variations in Ethnicity Ethnicity and Race Every society consists of people from different families, ethnic groups, and races. This makes society very diverse and unique. Ethnicity refers to a group of people, also called ethnic group, who shared common culture, language, history, religion, and tradition. Here, the people are divided into groups based on different social factors. Examples: Filipinos, Malays, Ifugaos, and Muslims. Race refers to a group of people who share the same physical attributes, such as skin color, height, and facial features. People are grouped into different races based on their physical attributes. Human beings are classified into three major races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid. These classifications are based on the color of the skin, the shape of the face, texture of the hair, shape of the eyes, and other prominent physical features. Major Races Physical Race Attribute Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid Skin color fair yellowish dark Hair light colored; straight or straight; black curly; black wavy Eyes round almond-shaped large round Nose High nose bridge Low to medium nose Low nose bridge bridge Origin Americas and Europe Asia Africa Two people belonging to the same rice may be part of different ethnic groups. For example, Asians belong to the Mongoloid race but consists of different ethnic groups like the Japanese, the Chinese, and the Malays. They all share the same physical features but have different culture, history, and language. Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines There are more than 180 ethnics or ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines, which are based on the language each group use. Page 2  There are eight major ethnolinguistic groups in the country: 1. Ilokano 5. Bikolano 2. Kapampangan 6. Ilonggo 3. Pangasinense 7. Cebuano 4. Tagalog 8. Waray-waray Other smaller ethnolinguistic groups are the Ibanag, Ivatan, Sambal, Subanon, Maguindanaoan, and Zambuangueño. There are also indigenous groups in the country that may belong to the same ethnolingguistic groups, but have a different culture, tradition, or culture. Some of them are the Mangyans of Mindoro, the Igorots of the Mountain Province, and the Moros of Mindanao. Nationality refers to the country from which a person originates. In many cases, nationality is the country where a person was born, but that is not always the case. The term nationality should only be used to identify the membership a person has with a specific country, which is determined by the nationality policies of that country. It also refers to the protections offered to an individual by their state of nationality. Most of the time, nationality is misinterpreted, however concept is most similar to citizenship, although technically citizenship is linked with a person’s internal political relationship with their country, whereas nationality is associated with a person’s global interactions. Examples of nationalities include the following identities: Filipino, American, Indian, Canadian, and Nigerian. Cultural Variations in Nationality Nation, Nationality, and Citizenship The line of distinction between the terms “nation” and “nationality” is quite thin. Most of the time, “nationality” and “citizenship” are used interchangeably. However, it is important to note that these words do not mean the same and pertain to different concepts. They differ in many aspects. Nation  a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, language, and economic life inhabiting a particular country or territory Example: The United Kingdom is a country inhabited mainly by people of four nations: English, Irish, Scott, and Welsh. Whereas the term nation emphasizes a particular group of people, country emphasizes the physical dimensions and boundaries of a geographical area, while state is a self- governing legal and political entity. Nationality  a person’s instinctive membership to a specific nation or country  can be acquired by an individual from the country where he/she was born (jus soli)  can be acquired by an individual through his/her parents (jus sanguinis)  An individual is national of a particular country by birth. Nationality is acquired through inheritance from his or her parents. Page 3   People with the same nationality often share the same language, culture, territory, and in some cases, ancestry. They share the same rights and are protected by the same laws. Citizenship  a person’s legal and political status in a city or state, which means that an individual has been registered with the government in some country.  An individual becomes a citizen of a country only when he is accepted into that country’s political framework through legal terms. Examples:  An individual born in the Philippines has a Filipino nationality. Chances are, he may have a Brazilian or Colombian citizenship once he has registered with that country.  People of the European Union (maybe French, Germans, English, and others) may have European Union citizenship, but that person’s nationality does not change.  No one will be able to change his nationality, but one can have different citizenships. Filipino Nationality  The Philippine nationality law is based on the principles of jus sanguinis or “right of blood.” Therefore, anyone with a parent who is a citizen or national of the Republic of the Philippines can acquire Philippine citizenship. This is the primary method of acquiring citizenship.  For those born in the Philippines to non-Filipino parents, the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000 (R.A. 9139) provides a trail for administrative naturalization for those who qualify. Right to a Nationality  Every person has a right to a nationality.  The right to a nationality is a fundamental human right. It is an individual’s right to acquire, change, or retain his or her nationality. Thus, a country’s law cannot deprive a person the right to gain a nationality, in case he or she loses it. Statelessness  People who does not have nationality of any country are considered as stateless people.  According to Article 1 of the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), "a stateless person is someone who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law."  Most stateless people are considered "refugees" while others lose their nationality due to war, conflict, or if their country is annexed by another country and loses its sovereignty. Social Differences in Gender Gender and Gender Roles People play different roles in society depending on one’s age and occupation. There are jobs that require a specific gender to perform tasks while other jobs are open to both men and women. Gender Page 4   Gender refers to social, cultural, and psychological characteristics or traits related to males and females based on certain social contexts.  It is different from sex, which refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish a male from female.  Thus, sex makes a person male or female, while gender makes a person masculine or feminine. Gender Roles  Gender roles refers to attitudes and behaviors that the society expects a person to exhibit based on his/her sex.  For example, in the traditional Philippine society, women are expected to be plain housewives and take care of the children, while the men are expected to be a professional and provide the needs of his family.  Another example is how society expects women to be more emotional and sensitive while men should be strong and capable of doing things that women cannot do. Differences in social interaction styles happen in the classroom as well. Boys, on average, are more likely to speak up during a class discussion” sometimes even if not called on, or even if they do not know as much about the topic as others in the class (Sadker, 2002). When working on a project in a small co-ed group, furthermore they have a tendency to ignore girls' comments and contributions to the group. In this respect co-ed student groups parallel interaction patterns in many parts of society, where men also have a tendency to ignore women's comments and contributions (Tannen, 2001) Furthermore, there are an enormous number of incorrect stereotypes that characterize the differences between women and men. Indeed, nearly all of these stereotypes are based on cultural inaccuracies and wrong data without consideration of biology and the distinct sociological differences between genders. Sociological differences are those that relate to the development, structure, interaction and behaviour of organized groups of human beings, or societies, and their values and beliefs. Gender is a social construct referring "to the culturally and historically based differences in the roles, attitudes and behaviors of men and women" as shaped by norms and stereotypes. Difference between Gender and Sex socially It refers to a constructed person characteristi based on One's sense cs anatomy of self as masculine or Personality It is bodies feminine characteristic biological regardless of s external genitalia gender sex In different gender perspective, the LGBT community (or LGBTQIA community or GLBT community), also referred to as the gay community, is a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT organizations and subcultures, united by a common culture and social movements. These communities generally celebrate pride, diversity, individuality, and sexuality. Page 5  LGBTQIA Classification Social Connotation Lesbian A woman is emotionally, romantically, or sexually attracted to other women. Gay Men attracted emotionally, romantically and/or sexually to men. Bisexual A person who is attracted to two sexes or two sexes or two genders. Transgender People are those whose psychological self, differs from the social expectations for the physical sex they were born with. Queer/Questioning A person who is attracted to multiple genders Intersex Is a set of medical conditions that feature congenital anomaly of the reproductive and sexual system. Asexual Is a person who generally does not feel sexual attraction or desire to any group of people Activity 1 Social, Political and Cultural Behavior and Phenomena DIRECTIONS: Write your answer in the space provided in the table. Identify the missing term or definition. Social Behavior and Definition Phenomena It is the act of prohibiting the consumption of certain food and 1._________________ drinks. Some food may be prohibited during certain religious beliefs and periods (Lent, Ramadan) at certain stages of life (pregnancy, sickness), or to certain classes of people (priests, infants). Istambay (Bum) 2. Marriage It is the legal and formal union of a man and a woman as partners in a relationship. Political Behavior and Definition Phenomena Definition Popularity Political DynastyPopularity Itis is thea state term of being used in liked, admired, politics to referortosupported by which a family in many (Fan Base) people. Formation of fan bases is clear manifestation several members are involved in public governance. of popularity. 5. 3. Facebook, ItTwitter, is when and Instagram a political are social candidate networking seeks the helpsites of awhere well- many peopleknown are members andininteract of influential with other members through a campaign. Elections information, picture, music, and video sharing. 4. Social Differences (Socio-Economic Class) The Philippine society can be categorized into various socioeconomic classes. During the prehistoric times, our ancestors have developed a society where people were assigned with different social functions. However, as the society changes, differences in one’s function in the society became wider and more diverse. Page 6  Socioeconomic Classes during the Pre-Colonial Period and Spanish Era Maharlika Modern Socio Economic Peninsulares Pre-Spanish Timawa Insulares class Mestizo Alipin Indio Socioeconomic Classes Socioeconomic classes changed when the Philippines gained independence from Spain. The Americans introduced democracy and did not impose any form of socioeconomic classes. At present, a person’s position in the society is based mainly on his or her family’s economic status. Social stratification or the division of society based on occupation and income, wealth or power; is simpler at present than in the past. Presently, The National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) divided the population into high-income, middle- income, and low-income classes. High-income Class, people who are earning an average of P200,000 a month, or Modern Socioeconomic Classes approximately P2.4 million annually. The ’wealthy’ class and accounts for merely 1% of the country’s total population Middle-income Class, people who are earning an average of P36,000 monthly. It consists of professionals and small-scale entrepreneurs Low-income class, people who are earning less than P10,000 monthly. It consists of labourer and minimum wage earners Social Differences (Exceptionality/Non-Exceptionality) People has different characteristics, needs, desires, lifestyles, and challenges. However, there are people who, from one reason or another, are described or categorized by the society as exceptional. Exceptionality  a quality or a characteristic of a person that makes him or her different from an established norm in a society.  Various physical and mental interferences or problems that affect a person which make it difficult for him/her to function properly in society Exceptional people  who differ from societal and community standard of normalcy  with learning or behavioral problems and with physical and sensory disabilities Page 7   who are intellectually gifted The characteristics which make a person exceptional may have been acquired from birth, through a medical condition, or through an accident. Existing Categories of Exceptionality Behaviour Communication Intellectual Physical Multiple Exceptionalities Excessive fears Autism Giftedness Physical disability A combination of A tendency to Mild Orthopedic one more compulsive Deaf intellectual impairment disabilities or reaction disability impairment Inability to Health build and Language Developmental Impairment sustain Impairment disability such as satisfactory Asthma interpersonal relationship Speech Blind and impairment low vision ACTIVITY 4: Concept Mapping DIRECTIONS: Complete the Sun Diagram A. Cultural Variation B. Social Differences Try This Activity: Essay - 100 words minimum Imagine your society ten years ago. What do you see? Try to think of the prevalent social forces and institutions in your society. What are they doing? Now, observe your current society. What are the changes that have transpired within a span of ten years? On a sheet of paper, list all the changes that you can think of. RUBRICS Page 8