Understanding Crime and Deviance
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Questions and Answers

What determines a state's sovereignty according to the outlined concepts?

  • The capacity to control others, particularly through violence. (correct)
  • The ability to create laws and enforce them.
  • The presence of a democratic government.
  • The legitimacy derived from public consent.

    • Which of the following best reflects the critical/conflict approach to policing?

  • Policing serves the interests of the majority.
  • Policing as a reflection of a struggle between various societal groups. (correct)
  • The police are solely concerned with upholding public order.
  • All police operations are aligned with community needs.

    • What is a significant drawback of the zero-tolerance policing strategy?

  • It effectively diminishes the police force's overall authority.
  • It has exacerbated tensions between police and marginalized communities. (correct)
  • It leads to more balanced crime statistics.
  • It has universally increased crime rates.

    • Which characteristic is commonly associated with police culture?

    <p>A bureaucratic structure with strict hierarchies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence may indicate institutional racism within police forces?

    <p>Over-representation of minorities in arrest statistics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of violence, how do the police uniquely operate within society?

    <p>They are the only entity permitted to use violence legitimately. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical perspective on policing emphasizes the role of police as representatives rather than enforcers?

    <p>The original vision of policing as citizens in uniform. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gender dynamics are evident within the policing profession?

    <p>Policing remains predominantly male-dominated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main psychological issue encountered during interrogations of suspects?

    <p>Tunnel views preventing consideration of all evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend in policing has occurred since the 1970s?

    <p>Growth of private policing services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding violent crimes and mental health?

    <p>Violent crimes linked to mental illness gain significant media attention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of private security compared to public police?

    <p>Heightened legal liability faced by security guards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of the way police typically handle mental health crises?

    <p>Criminalization of individuals experiencing mental health issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of police interrogations, what does offering a confession through coercion typically imply?

    <p>Potential psychological manipulation of the suspect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ethnographic methods primarily used for in policing?

    <p>To gather detailed qualitative data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach do police often rely on when investigating crimes based on the suspects' behavioral cues?

    <p>Intuition and informal judgment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key criticism of the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) system?

    <p>It may not account for crimes that police are unaware of. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Most Serious Offence (MSO) rule is true?

    <p>It disregards lesser offences to focus on the most severe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Crime Severity Index primarily measure?

    <p>Changes in the severity of reported crimes over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a single explanation for crime considered insufficient?

    <p>Various political decisions influence definitions of crime. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using crime rates for analysis?

    <p>They do not reflect the severity of crimes committed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system has Canada established for standardized crime reporting?

    <p>Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the inflation of serious crime statistics?

    <p>Following the MSO rule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theoretical approach focuses on learning crime through observation and imitation?

    <p>Social Learning Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Information Workers

    Individuals who process and analyze data to produce outputs, like problem-solving.

    Police Sovereignty

    A state is sovereign if it can control others using legitimate violence.

    Consensual Policing

    The role of police is to protect and serve the public's interests.

    Critical/Conflict Approach

    A view that questions whose interest police serve and sees society as conflicting groups.

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    Zero Tolerance Policing

    A strategy aimed at reducing crime by enforcing strict laws, often targeting marginalized groups.

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    Police Culture

    The unique behaviors and norms that develop within police forces, influenced by military roots.

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    Institutional Racism

    Patterns of bias that lead to disproportionate incarceration or arrest of minorities, not always through overt racism.

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    Demographic Disparities

    The unequal treatment of groups reflected in different sentencing and arrest ratios.

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    Two stages of interrogation

    1. Investigators determine guilt through behavioral cues. 2. Obtain confession using various pressures.
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    Tunnel view in police

    Police form a theory about a crime and ignore evidence that contradicts it.

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    Psychological tactics in interrogation

    Interrogators use deception, threats, or false hope to obtain confessions.

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    Growth of private policing

    Since the 1970s, private security services have increased beyond public police forces.

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    Legal liability of security guards

    Security guards face significant legal risks without authority to use force.

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    Violent crimes and mental health

    Most violent crimes are committed by acquaintances, not strangers having mental crises.

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    Ethnography

    A qualitative research method involving interviews and close observation to understand cultures.

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    Police property and mental illness

    Mental illness has become a responsibility for police due to historical societal neglect.

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    Social Learning Theory

    The idea that we learn to commit crimes by modeling and imitating behaviors we observe.

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    Multiple Theories of Crime

    The necessity of using various theories to explain different kinds of crime due to complexity.

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    UCR System

    Uniform Crime Reporting system used in Canada to standardize how crime statistics are collected by police.

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    MSO (Most Serious Offence)

    A method of counting crimes that focuses only on the most serious charge in multiple offenses.

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    Crime Rate Calculation

    The formula to determine the crime rate: Total reported crimes X 100,000 / Population size.

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    Police-Reported Crime Severity Index

    An index used to track changes in the severity of police-reported crimes over time.

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    Crime Reporting Gaps

    Discrepancies between known crimes and unreported incidents, affecting crime statistics accuracy.

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    Crime Trends in Canada

    Observation that crime rates have shown a steady increase, peaking in the early 90s based on statistics.

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    Study Notes

    Defining Crime

    • Crime harms individuals or society.
    • There are harmful behaviors that are not criminal
    • Victimless crimes, like drug use, can be harmful, but not criminal.

    Criminology

    • Crime is often equated with harm, although not always
    • There are many behaviors that are harmful but not criminal.

    What is Crime?

    • In some systems, individuals take responsibility for seeking justice
    • Gradually, behaviors harmful to society are categorized.
    • The state is essential, defining actions as crimes that otherwise might be considered private disputes.

    Objectivist-Legalistic Approach

    • Crime is defined by law.
    • Actions that violate social norms are assumed to cause societal harm.
    • The question of why behavior is unacceptable is central.

    Deviance

    • Deviance is behavior not meeting social norms.
    • Criminality can be viewed as a specific type of deviance.

    Crime as Political

    • Crime is a political concept, involving the creation and enforcement of laws.

    Criminal Law in Canada

    • Criminal code is the foundation of Canadian criminal law
    • Courts have the power to decide if actions are criminal.
    • There are political considerations and public pressures influencing legal decisions

    Criminal Justice in Canada

    • Criminal cases are governed by the Criminal Code of Canada.
    • Civil cases follow different rules.
    • Regulatory laws govern specific industries and behaviors.

    Specific Examples

    • The 1949 Canadian court decision about margarine highlights the politics of criminal law.
    • The issue of violent comic books in the 1940s and 1980s demonstrates evolving moral issues and public perception.
    • "Zombie Laws" are laws that exist but are not actively enforced

    Crime and Social Reaction

    • Deviance and criminality aren't inherent but socially constructed
    • There are social processes in creating and redefining criminal behavior throughout history.

    Police and Society

    • Police policing practices have changed over time.
    • Policing sometimes focuses on maintaining order instead of criminal intent.
    • Police priorities are often determined by politics and public perceptions.

    Moral Panics

    • Media coverage of crime greatly affects public perceptions.
    • "Moral panics" occur when concerns about crime escalate to unwarranted levels.
    • Police involvement can be greatly influenced by moral panic.

    Measuring Crime

    • Police reporting practices, like the National Crime Reporting Survey (UCR), influence crime statistics.
    • The most serious offense reported is prioritized.
    • The accuracy and completeness of crime counts are a continuing challenge.

    Victimization Surveys

    • These surveys directly ask victims about their experiences.
    • Surveys help to measure types of offenses
    • Statistical and qualitative data about criminal patterns

    Observational Accounts (Ethnography)

    • Ethnography relies on detailed observation and participation.
    • Research provides valuable insights into how crime and deviance are understood.
    • There are benefits and challenges with this kind of study.

    Policing Mental Health

    • The approach to policing mental illness has changed and evolved.
    • Concerns around public safety and de-institutionalization need addressing.

    The Social Contract

    • The Social Contract describes how people agree to surrender freedoms for social order and protection.
    • State responsibility for law enforcement and justice originates from the social contract.
    • Historical understandings of society and justice systems inform current processes.

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    Description

    Explore the complex definitions of crime, deviance, and their relationship with societal norms. This quiz dives into the distinctions between criminal and harmful behaviors, victimless crimes, and the notion of crime as a political concept. Expand your understanding of criminology and the various frameworks that define criminality.

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