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Questions and Answers
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Mala en se = Acts that are inherently evil Mala prohibita = Acts declared bad by legal statutes Deviance = Behaviors that violate social norms Criminology = The scientific study of crime
Match the following concepts with their perspectives:
Match the following concepts with their perspectives:
Consensus perspective = Assumes agreement on laws in society Conflict perspective = Assumes disagreement on what the law should be Criminal justice = Refers to institutions like police and courts Deviance = Includes unusual behaviors both legal and illegal
Match the following types of police agencies with their descriptions:
Match the following types of police agencies with their descriptions:
State police = Enforces state laws and investigates major crimes Highway patrol = Focuses on enforcing laws on highways Local police = Handles law enforcement in city or town Federal agencies = Investigate crimes crossing state lines
Match the following terms with their types of jurisdiction:
Match the following terms with their types of jurisdiction:
Match the following concepts with their examples:
Match the following concepts with their examples:
Match the following examples with their criminal categories:
Match the following examples with their criminal categories:
Match the following roles with their functions in the criminal justice system:
Match the following roles with their functions in the criminal justice system:
Match the following illegal acts with their societal implications:
Match the following illegal acts with their societal implications:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their processes:
Match the following terms with their processes:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following legal concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following legal concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following aspects of a good theory with their meanings:
Match the following aspects of a good theory with their meanings:
Match the following causal criteria with their explanations:
Match the following causal criteria with their explanations:
Match the following terms related to victim compensation with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to victim compensation with their definitions:
Match the following types of juvenile court concepts with their meanings:
Match the following types of juvenile court concepts with their meanings:
Match the following theoretical characteristics with their importance:
Match the following theoretical characteristics with their importance:
Match the following terminology used in criminology:
Match the following terminology used in criminology:
Match the following definitions with their terminology:
Match the following definitions with their terminology:
Match the following descriptions with their corresponding terms:
Match the following descriptions with their corresponding terms:
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Study Notes
Definitions of Crime
- Crime violates laws; varies based on legal interpretations.
- Mala en se: Inherently evil acts (e.g., murder, rape, robbery).
- Mala prohibita: Acts labeled as crimes due to legal statutes, not moral failings (e.g., speeding, gambling).
Concepts in Criminology
- Deviance: Behavior that deviates from societal norms; may include illegal acts and unusual behaviors.
- Criminology: Scientific study of crime and the motivations behind criminal behavior.
- Criminal Justice: System involving law enforcement, courts, and corrections, focused on crime management.
Theoretical Perspectives
- Consensus Perspective: Assumes societal agreement on laws and norms with minimal conflict.
- Conflict Perspective: Argues laws reflect interests of powerful groups, leading to societal disagreement on legal issues.
Law Enforcement Agencies
- State Police: Enforce state laws and investigate significant crimes.
- Highway Patrol: A model for statewide departments focusing on road law enforcement.
Jurisdiction Types
- Limited Jurisdiction: Authority of courts to handle specific legal areas or geographical regions.
- Geographic Jurisdiction: Courts' authority to adjudicate cases within defined geographic boundaries.
Sentencing and Corrections
- Probation: Supervised release requiring compliance with specific conditions instead of imprisonment.
- Jail: Facilities for minor offenses or individuals awaiting trial.
- Prison: Incarceration for serious crimes and longer sentences.
Juvenile Justice
- Parens Patriae: Doctrine emphasizing the state's responsibility to protect citizens, especially minors.
- Judicial Waiver: Transfers juvenile cases to adult criminal court as determined by authority.
- Concurrent Jurisdiction: Shared authority between juvenile and adult courts; discretion on where to file cases.
- Statutory Exclusion: Automatically channels specific juvenile offenders to adult court by law.
Comparative Criminology
- Analyzes crime across cultures to discern patterns and differences globally.
Research and Theory Evaluation
- Parsimony: Good theories should be straightforward, using minimal propositions.
- Scope: Range of behaviors explained by a theory.
- Logical Consistency: Theoretical coherence with known crime data.
- Testability: Ability for a theory to be scrutinized through empirical research.
- Empirical Validity: Support from scientific studies confirming a theory's claims.
Causality Criteria
- Temporal Ordering: Establishes causality; variable x precedes variable y.
- Correlation/Covariation: Requires consistent association between predictor (x) and explanatory variable (y).
- Spuriousness: Occurs when two variables seem related but both are influenced by a third variable (z).
Victimology
- Victim Precipitation: Victim's actions or inactions increase risk of victimization.
- Compensation: Payments made to victims by the government for violent acts.
- Restitution: Court-ordered payments from offenders directly to victims.
- Victim Impact Statement: Victim's accounts presented in court that may influence sentencing outcomes.
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