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Breaking the law, which may involve punishments like police cautions, court appearances, or imprisonment.

Actions that deviate from accepted norms and values, even if not illegal.

The definition of crime and deviance can change over time due to changing social norms and laws.

Laws and social norms vary across countries, making what's considered criminal or deviant in one place acceptable in another.

What is considered acceptable or deviant can vary based on individual beliefs and values.

Official statistics often show that certain demographics are more likely to be involved in crime, both as perpetrators and victims.

Most crimes are deviant, but not all deviant acts are criminal.

Some actions might be criminal but not necessarily seen as deviant, like breaking the law for environmental reasons or parking violations.

Social control mechanisms like the police and courts maintain social order by influencing people to follow rules or face consequences.

Informal social control relies on less overt methods like peer pressure, family values, and media influence to guide behavior.

Looking at how crime victimization rates differ across different groups, like comparing male and female homicide rates.

Analyzing how victimization patterns change within a particular group, like seeing how homicide rates vary by age within males and females.

The CSEW (Crime Survey for England and Wales) provides data on crime trends and victimization.

Males are more likely to be homicide victims, particularly those aged 16-24.

Female homicide victims are less common than male victims but tend to be older, often between 25 and 34.

Women experience domestic abuse at significantly higher rates (7.3%) than men (3.6%).

The idea that what is considered criminal or deviant is defined and created by society, not an inherent quality of the act itself.

The general order or conformity to shared norms and values within a society.

The process by which people are persuaded to obey rules and conform to societal norms.

The study of how people's social status and backgrounds can influence their likelihood of being labelled as criminals.

A sociologist who studied how police expectations regarding social class affected the labeling of youth.

A sociologist who challenged the notion of objective crime by arguing that even actions like killing can be seen as heroic or criminal depending on context.

The idea that the same act can be perceived differently based on the individual's age, status, or social context.

The shift in perspective from focusing on individual acts as inherently criminal or deviant to examining how powerful groups influence the labeling process.

Women between the ages of 20 and 24 are significantly more likely to experience domestic violence than women in other age groups.

Women with a household income of less than £10,000 are 50% more likely to experience domestic violence than women with an income of £20,000 or more.

People of mixed ethnicity are more likely to be victims of crime compared to those of other racial backgrounds.

While mixed ethnicity is generally more likely to be a victim of crime, specific situations exist where this trend varies.

Studying the variations within specific social groups, like different age groups or social classes, helps us better understand the factors contributing to crime and victimization.

The data reveals consistent patterns across numerous social groups, with men being victimized more in murder, women in domestic violence, and mixed ethnicities in general.

While official data provides insights into crime trends, it's crucial to be aware of other factors like sociological perspectives, which can offer alternative ways of interpreting crime and victimization.

The CSEW is a tool for measuring crime, but it has limitations and shouldn't be considered the only source of information.