Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does a root represent in a phylogeny?
What does a root represent in a phylogeny?
- The traits shared by all lineages
- The evolutionary adaptations
- The tips of the branches
- The most recent common ancestor (correct)
Which statement about speciation is true?
Which statement about speciation is true?
- It only occurs when a single lineage becomes extinct.
- It involves the merging of different species.
- It can only happen through environmental changes.
- It is depicted as branching on a phylogeny. (correct)
What is the purpose of selecting an outgroup when constructing a cladogram?
What is the purpose of selecting an outgroup when constructing a cladogram?
- To include more closely related organisms in the study group.
- To serve as a reference point due to its ancestral characteristics. (correct)
- To provide additional traits for analysis.
- To ensure all organisms have similar traits.
Which of the following is not a purpose of using phylogenies?
Which of the following is not a purpose of using phylogenies?
What is the correct first step in constructing a cladogram?
What is the correct first step in constructing a cladogram?
What is the primary purpose of a cladogram in evolutionary biology?
What is the primary purpose of a cladogram in evolutionary biology?
What type of traits do cladistics focus on when determining evolutionary relationships?
What type of traits do cladistics focus on when determining evolutionary relationships?
Which of the following components is NOT typically used to reconstruct phylogeny?
Which of the following components is NOT typically used to reconstruct phylogeny?
What does the term 'synapomorphy' refer to in cladistics?
What does the term 'synapomorphy' refer to in cladistics?
How does cladistics determine the relationship of a new species to known species?
How does cladistics determine the relationship of a new species to known species?
Which characteristic does NOT define a cladogram?
Which characteristic does NOT define a cladogram?
What action do taxonomists take when they discover a new species?
What action do taxonomists take when they discover a new species?
In cladistics, what does the presence of a derived trait indicate?
In cladistics, what does the presence of a derived trait indicate?
Which organism in the chart possesses both lungs and an amniotic egg?
Which organism in the chart possesses both lungs and an amniotic egg?
What characteristic is unique to the lancelet among the organisms listed?
What characteristic is unique to the lancelet among the organisms listed?
Which trait is NOT present in the brook trout?
Which trait is NOT present in the brook trout?
In the hypothetical cladogram, what type of group is the lancelet classified as?
In the hypothetical cladogram, what type of group is the lancelet classified as?
Which feature is shared by both the salamander and gray squirrel?
Which feature is shared by both the salamander and gray squirrel?
In the context of cladistics, what signifies the acquisition of a derived trait?
In the context of cladistics, what signifies the acquisition of a derived trait?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the giraffe and gray squirrel?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the giraffe and gray squirrel?
Identify the primary trait that differentiates the brook trout from the salamander.
Identify the primary trait that differentiates the brook trout from the salamander.
Flashcards
Speciation
Speciation
The point where a lineage splits on a phylogeny, representing the origin of two or more new species.
Phylogeny
Phylogeny
A branching diagram that represents evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Outgroup
Outgroup
The most distant relative to the study group in a cladogram.
Clade
Clade
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Derived Trait
Derived Trait
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Cladogram
Cladogram
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Cladistics
Cladistics
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Synapomorphy
Synapomorphy
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Taxonomy
Taxonomy
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Binomial Name
Binomial Name
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Species Characteristic
Species Characteristic
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Derived Characteristic
Derived Characteristic
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Sister Group
Sister Group
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Cladistic Classification
Cladistic Classification
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Cladogram of Phylogeny
Cladogram of Phylogeny
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Study Notes
Constructing a Cladogram
- A cladogram illustrates evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) of different species groups.
- Scientists use cladograms to determine which groups are most closely related and the general sequence of events leading to each group.
- Cladograms focus on shared, derived (new) traits.
- Cladograms use a branching approach to show relationships.
- Cladograms assume all species descend from a common ancestor.
Taxonomy
- Taxonomists accurately describe new species' characteristics.
- They determine a new species' relationship to other species with similar traits.
- Taxonomists assign a unique binomial name to the new species.
- Modern classification, often used, considers evolutionary relationships (phylogeny).
What is a Phylogeny?
- Phylogeny reconstructs evolutionary relationships using a "family tree" structure.
- It's based on evaluating fossil records, morphology (physical characteristics), and genetics (DNA).
- This "family tree" is a cladogram, showing the evolutionary relationships of species.
Cladistics & Phylogeny
- Cladograms help illustrate and hypothesize different groups' evolutionary relationships.
- Scientists use cladograms to infer which species are closely related.
- The general sequence of events leading to each group is also revealed.
- Cladograms focus on shared, derived traits.
- This method uses a branching approach to display relationships.
- The method assumes all species descend from a common ancestor.
Different Ways of Drawing Cladograms
- Multiple methods exist to illustrate cladograms.
- Shared characteristics between species are identified and organized with visual branching patterns.
Terminology
- Cladistics uses evolutionary relationships determined from traits.
- Derived traits are relatively recent characteristics.
- A synapomorphy is a derived feature shared among two or more species.
Understanding a Phylogeny
- A lineage splitting represents speciation on a phylogeny.
- It leads to two or more new lineages.
- Phylogenies trace patterns of shared ancestry among lineages.
- Each lineage features unique ancestors and shared ancestors with other lineages.
Using the Tree for Classification
- Cladograms are useful for testing evolution hypotheses.
- They shed light on the characteristics of extinct species and ancestral lineages.
- Cladograms aid in classifying organisms
How to Construct a Cladogram
- The first step in creating a cladogram is to analyze characteristics of the species being compared.
- An outgroup that is less closely related serves as a starting point in a cladogram.
- Classify study groups into clades based on derived traits, shown in sequence.
- Label derived traits and the points of speciation.
- Organising the presence or absence of traits in a chart form is a step to construct a cladogram
How do we trace ancestry back to ancient humans?
- This question raises the possibility of tracing human ancestry through historical evidence.
Cladogram of Phylogeny of Primates
- Visualizes primate relationships in a branch-like structure.
- Shows various primates' evolutionary relationships.
Cladistics Classification
- Different species populations (taxa) originate from ancestral taxa.
- A species ceases to exist when it gains a derived genetic trait.
- Traits or characteristics gained from random mutations (favorable) are shown in the cladograms.
Now, practice time
- Practice worksheets are provided for further cladogram study.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of cladograms, taxonomic classification, and phylogeny. Test your knowledge about how species are related and the methods used to illustrate their evolutionary relationships. Understand the importance of derived traits in constructing these diagrams.
