Questions and Answers
How does a cladogram show relationships between multiple organisms?
A cladogram shows relationships between multiple organisms by showing what each organism has in common with others and finding the common ancestor.
What is anatomical homology? Give 2 examples.
Anatomical homology is a similarity in structures and bones of species due to common ancestry. Examples include the one, two, many bone structures in several mammals and hand bones in monkeys and humans.
What information does the fossil record provide regarding organisms?
The fossil record can provide evidence of common ancestry in organisms by looking at bone structures and comparing them between organisms.
How does the study of embryology provide evidence for how organisms are related?
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What is molecular homology?
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What similarities can you find in organisms that show that they are related?
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What is a cladogram?
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How can a cladogram help scientists determine common ancestry?
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What are some drawbacks of using cladograms?
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What is a homologous structure? Give some examples.
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Explain how the similarities in early embryonic development may point to common ancestry.
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What are developmental homologies and how are they studied?
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What is a chordate, and what do all chordates have in common at some stage of development?
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Why are organisms with similar genetic sequences also likely to have similar protein configurations?
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Define interdependence.
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Identify the three types of advantages that can help organisms survive.
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Is the outcome of environmental changes for an organism always positive? Explain.
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What have people done to help crows and barred owls?
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What is adaptation and what does it lead to?
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What is divergent evolution?
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What are three initiators of divergent evolution?
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What is convergent evolution? Give some examples.
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What is speciation? Name and describe 2 main causes of speciation.
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When does extinction occur? What percent of once living things are now extinct?
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What is a causal relationship? Give an example.
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What are the four factors of evolution?
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Study Notes
Cladograms and Relationships
- Cladograms illustrate relationships between organisms by depicting shared traits and identifying common ancestors.
- A cladogram can reveal evolutionary changes over time, aiding scientists in understanding lineage and trait inheritance.
Anatomical and Molecular Homology
- Anatomical homology is characterized by structural similarities among species, indicating common ancestry, e.g., bone structures in mammals.
- Molecular homology refers to similarities in DNA, RNA, and proteins that further confirm genetic relationships across species.
Fossil Record and Evidence of Ancestry
- The fossil record provides insight into common ancestry through the analysis of bone structures across different extinct and extant species.
Embryological Evidence
- Embryology shows similarities in early developmental stages among organisms, suggesting evolutionary connections through common anatomical features.
Developmental Homologies
- Developmental homologies involve similarities in embryonic development, highlighted by features such as gill slits and hollow nerve cords in early-stage embryos.
Characteristics of Chordates
- Chordates, primarily vertebrates, share common features during development, including the notochord and dorsal hollow nerve cord.
Adaptation and Survival Advantages
- Adaptation encompasses changes driven by selective pressures, leading to better survival in specific environments.
- Advantages aiding survival include morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits that enhance fitness.
Evolutionary Processes
- Divergent evolution results in new species arising from a common ancestor, often initiated by competition and adaptation to new niches.
- Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species develop similar traits, such as the hooves of horses and cows.
Speciation and Isolation
- Speciation can result from geographical isolation or reproductive isolation, leading to the emergence of new species due to genetic divergence.
Extinction and Endangerment
- Extinction is the end of a species, with 99.9% of all species that ever existed now extinct, often due to environmental shifts like sea-level drops.
- An organism is deemed "endangered" when its population falls below sustainable levels.
Relationship Dynamics
- A causal relationship implies that an environmental change directly affects species, while a correlational relationship indicates non-directly related changes.
Factors Influencing Evolution
- The four key factors of evolution include potential population increase, heritable genetic variation, competition for resources, and the survival of the fittest leading to increased reproduction.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in Biology Unit 3 with these flashcards. Focused on cladograms and anatomical homology, this quiz will help you understand the relationships between organisms and the evidence provided by anatomical similarities. Perfect for students preparing for exams!