Understanding Cancer: Types and Causes

A group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

A new tissue growth with no physiological function.

A clump of neoplasmic cells.

A cancerous tumor.

A non-cancerous tumor.

Microscopic examination of cell development.

Spread of malignant tumors to other organs.

Abnormal cells with disrupted DNA and RNA; altered form, quality, and function.

Cancers of epithelial tissue.

Cancers of connective tissue.

Cancers of the lymphatic system.

Cancers of blood-forming tissues.

Tumors of glandular epithelial tissue.

Cancer-causing agents.

Genes regulating cell growth; mutations can cause cancer.

Probability of developing or dying from cancer over a lifetime.

Measurement of how strongly risk factors relate to specific cancers.

Smoking linked to many cancer deaths, especially lung cancer.

Obesity increases risk of certain cancers like breast and colon.

Genes linked to familial cancer syndromes.

Family history relating to cancers. (e.g. Breast, stomach, colon, prostate, uterus, ovary, and lung cancers are potential familial cancers)

HIV/AIDS and immunosuppression can increase cancer risk.

The first part of the renal tubule, characterized by simple cuboidal epithelium and a prominent brush border, responsible for reabsorption of water, glucose,

A hairpin-shaped loop in the renal tubule, consisting of descending and ascending limbs, responsible for concentrating urine.

The final part of the renal tubule, lined with simple cuboidal epithelium and a sparse brush border, responsible for fine-tuning urine composition and regulating blood pressure.

The innermost layer of the ureter, composed of transitional epithelium and lamina propria, responsible for protecting the ureter and allowing for urine flow.

The middle layer of the ureter, composed of smooth muscles, responsible for propelling urine towards the bladder.

The outermost layer of the ureter, composed of fibrous connective tissue, responsible for providing structural support and anchoring the ureter.

The innermost layer of the bladder, composed of transitional epithelium, responsible for stretching and protecting the bladder.

The thick muscular layer of the bladder, responsible for expelling urine.

The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in the body.

Microscopic tubes within the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

The beginning of a nephron, consisting of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

A network of blood capillaries found within Bowman's capsule, where filtration occurs.

A cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtered fluid.

Specialized cells in Bowman's capsule that form filtration slits, controlling what enters the nephron.

Openings between podocyte processes in Bowman's capsule, allowing for the passage of small molecules.

The outer layer of the kidney, containing the glomeruli and convoluted tubules of nephrons.

A microscopic structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each nephron. It consists of three cellular components: macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells.

A group of specialized cells located in the distal convoluted tubule that monitor the sodium concentration in the tubular fluid. It signals changes in the filtration rate to other components of the JGA.

These cells are located outside the glomerulus, near the macula densa. They help regulate blood flow to the glomerulus and contribute to the regulation of filtration.

These cells are located in the walls of the afferent arteriole, the blood vessel leading to the glomerulus. They secrete the enzyme renin, which plays a key role in blood pressure regulation.

A straight segment of the nephron where several distal tubules join together. It further concentrates the urine as it flows to the ureters.