Introduction To Radiation Oncology Lecture Notes PDF

Introduction to Radiation Oncology Introduction to Oncology Prof. Dr. Yousif Mohamed Yousif Abdallah Radiological Science and Medical Imaging Department College of Applied Medical Science Majmaah University...

Introduction to Radiation Oncology Introduction to Oncology Prof. Dr. Yousif Mohamed Yousif Abdallah Radiological Science and Medical Imaging Department College of Applied Medical Science Majmaah University 1  Learning Outcomes Define cancer, the causes of cancer and how it develops. Describe the different types of cancer and the risks they pose to people at different ages and stages of life. Explain the importance of understanding and responding appropriately to self exams, medical exams, and symptoms related to different types of cancer. Discuss ways to prevent cancer and the implications of behavioral risks. Discuss cancer detection and treatment. 2  Block One : Introduction OUTLINE TOPICS EXPLANATION Objectives Introduction to Radiation Oncology Content 1. Introduction 2. Common Types of Cancer: Terminology, Bladder Cancer, Brain Tumors, Breast Cancer, Leukemia , Lung Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Skin Cancer, Activity Lecture and discussion Duration (hrs) 2 Training Materials Lecture notes Reference Introduction to radiation oncology Fundamentals of Oncology Equipment PowerPoint, video projector 3 What Is Cancer? ◼ Cancer – a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells ◼ Neoplasm – new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function ◼ Tumor – clumping of neoplasmic cells ◼ Malignant - cancerous ◼ Benign - noncancerous ◼ Biopsy – microscopic examination of cell development What Is Cancer? – cont. ◼ Metastasis – malignant tumors that are not enclosed in a protective capsule have the ability to spread to other organs ◼ Mutant cells – disruption of RNA and DNA within normal cells may produce cells that differ in form, quality and function from the normal cell Types of Cancer ◼ Carcinomas ◼ Sarcomas ◼ Lymphomas ◼ Leukaemias ◼ Adenomas ◼ Often prefixed by the specific cell 6 7 What are the differences in the features of normal and cancer cells? 8 Malignant versus benign tumours 9 Normal and abnormal cell growth 10 Normal cell growth 11 Cancerous growth 12 Metastatic cancer 13 What causes cancer? 14 What Causes Cancer? ◼ External Factors – chemicals, radiation, viruses, and lifestyle ◼ Internal Factors – hormones, immune conditions, and inherited mutations ◼ Theories  Cellular change/mutation theories  Carcinogens  Oncogenes/ protooncogenes Factors Believed to Contribute to Global Causes of Cancer Risks For Cancer ◼ Lifetime risk – the probability that an individual, over the course of a lifetime, will develop cancer or die from it ◼ Relative risk – measure of the strength of the relationship between risk factors and a particular cancer ◼ Smoking – 30% of all cancer deaths, 87% of lung cancer deaths ◼ Obesity – 50% higher risk for breast cancer in postmenopausal women, 40% higher risk in colon cancer for men Carcinogenesis. Some factors to consider… Cancer_cell,%20brain ◼ Heredity ◼ Immunity ◼ Chemical ◼ Physical ◼ Viral ◼ Bacterial ◼ Lifestyle 18  Heredity ◼ 5-10% of Cancers ◼ ?15% of all cancers See full size image ◼ Molecular biology and Human Genome Project 19 Heredity ◼ Genes isolated for asian_family several classic familial cancer syndromes:  RB1 (retinoblastoma)  APC (familial polyposis)  Human Non Polyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC)  BRCA 1&2 (breast cancer)  p53 (many cancers) 20 Biological Factors ◼ Some cancers such as breast, stomach, colon, prostate, uterus, ovaries and lung appear to run in families ◼ Hodgkin’s disease and certain leukemia's show similar patterns ◼ University of Utah research suggests that a gene for breast cancer exists ◼ A rare form of eye cancer appears to be transmitted genetically from mother to child Immunity ◼ HIV / AIDS ◼ Immunosuppression 22 Reproductive And Hormonal Risks For Cancer ◼ Pregnancy and oral contraceptives increase a woman’s chances of breast cancer ◼ Late menarche, early menopause, early first childbirth, having many children have been shown to reduce risk of breast cancer Virus’s ◼ Hepatitis B ◼ Human T-cell Leukaemia virus ◼ Epstein Barr Virus ◼ Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) 24  Viral Factors ◼ Herpes-related viruses may be involved in the development of leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, cervical cancer, and Burkitt’s lymphoma ◼ Epstein-Barr virus, associated with mononucleosis, may contribute to cancer ◼ Human papillomavirus (HPV), virus that causes genital warts, has been linked to cervical cancer ◼ Helicobacter pylori causes ulcers which are a major factor in the development of stomach cancer Bacterial ◼ H. pylori ◼ Other Parasites:  Schistosoma spp  Clonorchis sinensis 26 Estimated Burden of Cancer from Infection Worldwide in 2000 No. of cases Agent % World cancer Liver 509,000 HBV, HCV, flukes 5.1 Cervix 471,000 HPV 4.7 Stomach 442,000 H. pylori 4.4 Kaposi’s (HIV related) 134,000 HHV-8 1.3 Non Hodgkin lymphoma 72,000 H. pylori, EBV, HIV 0.7 Ano-genital 65,000 HPV 0.6 Nasopharyngeal 63,000 EBV 0.6 Hodgkin disease 33,000 EBV, HIV 0.3 Bladder 10,000 Schistosoma 0.1 Leukaemia 3,000 HTLV1 0.03 Total 1,801,000 17.9 27 Chemical ◼ Alcohol ◼ Asbestos ◼ Wood dust ◼ Rubber, plastics, dyes ◼ Tar / bitumen ◼ Aflatoxin ◼ Alkylating agents ◼ Tobacco 28 External causes of cancer: ultraviolet radiation www. flickr.com: lastexit Smoking ◼ Single biggest cause of cancer ◼ 25-40% smokers die in middle age ◼ 9 in 10 lung cancers ◼ Know to cause cancer in 1950 30 Smoking and alcohol 31 Industrial pollution 32 Physical causes ◼ Ultraviolet radiation  Sunlight  Certain industrial sources ◼Radiation Radon Cancer treatment 33 Lifestyle factor: diet Obesity Lifestyle: - Highly caloric diet, rich in fat, refined carbohydrates and animal protein - Low physical activity Consequences: - Cancer - Diabetes - Cardiovascular disease - Hypertension 35 36 Lifestyle ◼ Age ◼ Occupation ◼ Ethnicity ◼ Deprivation 37 38