Benign vs Malignant Tumors and Cell Growth Changes

A decrease in the size of cells due to factors like disuse, lack of nerve stimulation, aging, or insufficient nutrition.

An increase in the size of cells due to increased workload, often seen in muscles and the heart.

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, which can be a normal response to growth or an abnormal response to injury.

The reversible replacement of one cell type with another, often in response to chronic irritation or injury.

Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells, often a precursor to cancer.

New growth of cells that can be either benign or malignant (cancerous).

A lack of cell differentiation, a hallmark of malignant cells where cells revert to a less specialized form.

The study of disease processes.

The body's attempt to restore a normal pH balance when one of the systems (respiratory or metabolic) is imbalanced.

A condition where the pH of the blood is too low (acidic).

The lungs try to blow off CO2, increasing respiratory rate.

A condition where the pH of the blood is too high (alkaline).

The lungs attempt to retain CO2 by decreasing the rate of respiration.

A condition where the sodium concentration in the blood is too low.

A disorder where the body can't regulate water balance due to a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or the kidneys' inability to respond to it.

A condition where the sodium concentration in the blood is too high.

A blood disorder characterized by an excessive number of red blood cells in the body.

Inflammation of the kidney, often caused by bacteria, leading to pain in the flank and kidney area.

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that helps the body conserve water by reducing urine output.

A protein released during a heart attack that indicates damage to heart muscle.

A group of proteins produced by the body that can trigger a fever during an infection.

Process where the body releases chemicals like histamine and prostaglandins at the site of injury, causing pain.

The process of the body's immune system fighting off infections.

Damage to the inner lining of blood vessels, a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis, leading to narrowing of arteries.

Inflammation that involves regeneration of tissue and repair with scar tissue, leading to potential loss of function.

The process by which the edges of a wound are brought together and closed, leading to minimal scarring.

The healing process that occurs when a wound has a large gap and requires the formation of granulation tissue before closing.

A delayed closure method for wounds with large gaps, potentially contaminated, that involves drainage and surgical closure after the infection risk is reduced.

A wound with an extensive gap in tissue caused by tearing or detachment, often requiring delayed closure.

Factors like decreased oxygenation, reduced circulation, poor nutrition, and age can negatively affect the healing process.

Special cells that remove cellular debris and clots from a wound, releasing growth factors to stimulate healing.

A specialized protein that stimulates the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) during wound healing.

A type of immune cell that identifies and destroys cells with abnormal membranes by secreting proteins that break down cell membranes.

The body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells, tissues, or organs.

A condition where the body produces too much cortisol, a stress hormone. It can be caused by a tumor on the pituitary gland, an adrenal gland abnormality, or external steroid administration.

A type of Cushing's Syndrome caused by a tumor on the pituitary gland that produces excessive ACTH, leading to high cortisol levels.

An increase in the number of immature neutrophils, known as bands, in the blood. It often signals an acute inflammatory process.

Refers to the condition of having a high number of white blood cells (WBCs), often indicating an infection or inflammation.

A type of immunity that arises from exposure to a disease or antigen, either through natural infection or vaccination.

A type of immunity gained from receiving antibodies from another source, such as through maternal antibodies in breast milk or through injections of immune serum.

High blood sugar can trigger inflammation in the body.

The body sends white blood cells and platelets to the site of injury to help repair damage caused by high blood sugar.

Hepatitis A is a contagious liver infection that can be prevented by vaccination.

Hepatitis A virus enters the body through the intestines, spreads through the bloodstream, and infects liver cells.

The body's immune system recognizes the infected liver cells and triggers an inflammatory response to fight the virus, which damages liver cells.

Prenatal screening is recommended for women over 35, those with a family history of genetic conditions, and those with certain medical conditions.

Passive diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without requiring energy.

Prenatal testing can be done using procedures like Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, ultrasound, and Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling (PUBS) to check the baby's health and diagnose genetic disorders.

A genetically programmed process resulting in cell death. This process is naturally occurring and eliminates unwanted or damaged cells.

A medical condition characterized by excessive thirst. It can be a symptom of diabetes insipidus or other underlying health issues.

A medical condition characterized by excessive hunger. It can be a symptom of diabetes mellitus or other metabolic disorders.

A condition where there is a deficiency of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This leads to excessive dilute urine production, dehydration, and high sodium levels.

A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low calcium levels in the blood. PTH helps to increase calcium by breaking down bone tissue.

A state of heightened arousal triggered by the central nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, and adrenal glands. It's the body's 'fight or flight' response.

A screening test for individuals with a family history of breast cancer to identify mutations in the BRCA genes, associated with increased cancer risk.

Tumors characterized by rapid, uncontrolled growth, invasion of surrounding tissue, and the ability to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

A range of physical and mental birth defects caused by exposure to alcohol during pregnancy. It affects growth, development, and intellectual abilities.

Blood samples taken from the umbilical cord after birth to assess the baby's health, including oxygen levels, blood type, and potential genetic conditions.

Blood tests that measure the pH level and levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate in the blood.

A form of deep, rapid breathing that can be a sign of metabolic acidosis, as the body tries to remove excess acid through the lungs.

Low blood sugar levels, typically below 70 mg/dL. This condition can cause symptoms like sweating, dizziness, and confusion.

A condition where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels. It's caused by the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the body's cells not responding to insulin effectively.

A group of symptoms caused by high levels of ketones in the blood, which can occur in people with Type 1 Diabetes when their body doesn't produce enough insulin.

Damage to the inner lining of blood vessels, often caused by high blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. This can contribute to heart disease and other complications.

A condition where the sodium concentration in the blood is too low. It can be caused by factors like dehydration, excessive sweating, or certain medications.

A condition where the sodium concentration in the blood is too high. It can be caused by dehydration, excessive sodium intake, or certain medical conditions.

A non-cancerous tumor that is well-defined, localized, and doesn't spread to other parts of the body.

A cancerous tumor that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the production and maturation of T cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system.

Secondary lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches, are where lymphocytes encounter antigens and initiate an immune response.

Inflammation, a natural response to tissue damage, triggers the body to raise its core temperature to combat potential infection.

Inflammation, a natural response to tissue damage, triggers the body to increase the production of white blood cells, leading to a higher WBC count.

Macrophages play a crucial role in dissolving clots, clearing debris, and stimulating tissue regeneration in a wound.

Natural immunity develops after exposure to a disease or antigen, either through natural infection or vaccination.

Compensation refers to the body's ability to maintain pH balance by utilizing different physiological systems. For instance, the respiratory system can regulate metabolic imbalances, and vice versa.

An overabundance of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood, making the blood thicker and increasing the risk of blood clots.

A condition where the kidneys slow down their filtering function, leading to a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

A stage of illness characterized by vague and non-specific symptoms, making it difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of the illness.

Inflammation of the kidney, often caused by a bacterial infection. It causes flank pain and tenderness.

The state of having a higher than normal number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood, often indicating an active infection or inflammation.

The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body, which can spread to other tissues and organs.

A condition where the body exhibits resistance to the effects of insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. It often causes excessive thirst.

A condition where the heart's right ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of pressure in the veins and tissues of the body.

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. It is usually measured as a percentage of the total blood volume in the ventricle.

A condition where the heart's left ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of pressure in the lungs and shortness of breath.

A bulge in the wall of an artery, often caused by weakening of the artery wall. It can occur in any artery but is most common in the aorta.

A condition caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands. This can lead to weight gain, high blood sugar, and other problems.

A group of factors that increase the risk of developing heart disease, including aging, ethnicity, family history, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and lifestyle choices.