Benign vs Malignant Tumors and Cell Growth Changes

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Questions and Answers

What triggers inflammation in organs due to autoimmune diseases?

Reduced white blood cell counts

Immune system attacks foreign pathogens

Autoantibodies against healthy tissues (correct)

Excessive cortisol secretion

Which of the following is a characteristic sign of Cushing's Syndrome?

Weight loss and muscle wasting

Increased sensitivity to cold

Pallor and decreased energy

Apple-shaped fat distribution (correct)

Which condition involves the immune system's overactivity leading to hyperthyroidism?

Graves' disease (correct)

Type 1 diabetes

Hashimoto’s disease

Addison's disease

What is indicated by a 'shift to the left' in a white blood cell count?

Increase in immature neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves a response generated after vaccination?

Artificial active immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of high cortisol levels in the body?

Osteoporosis and insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Cushing's Disease?

Excessive ACTH secretion due to pituitary tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of muscular hypertrophy?

Increase in muscle size due to increased workload Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of acquiring passive immunity?

Exposure to pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes dysplasia?

Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hyperplasia?

Hormonal stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a lack of normal cell function and uncontrollable cell division?

Neoplasia Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would metaplasia most likely occur?

Due to chronic irritation or injury Signup and view all the answers

What does anaplasia signify in a pathological context?

Poor cellular differentiation and genetic damage Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a likely cause of atrophy in cells?

Increased workload Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperplasia involve in cellular terms?

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary intention of wound healing?

A clean laceration that requires re-epithelialization with no tissue gap Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with impaired wound healing?

Increased oxygenation levels Signup and view all the answers

What role does VEGF play in the wound healing process?

It promotes angiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes secondary intention wound healing?

Wounds with large gaps and prolonged healing due to granulation tissue generation Signup and view all the answers

What causes jaundice in a patient with hepatitis A?

Liver dysfunction due to inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the final stage of wound healing known as?

Cicatrization Signup and view all the answers

Which group of women should be offered prenatal screening?

Pregnant women over 35 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cord blood sampling?

To assess infant's health and diagnose genetic disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is known to impair the wound healing process?

Cortisone Signup and view all the answers

How long can the remodeling phase of wound healing take?

1-2 years Signup and view all the answers

How is breast cancer staging primarily determined?

Based on histological examination of lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of tertiary intention in wound healing?

Requires drainage of a heavily contaminated wound before closure Signup and view all the answers

In which weeks of pregnancy is amniocentesis typically performed?

15 to 18 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of passive diffusion characterized by?

Spontaneous movement from high to low concentration without energy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of aortic sclerosis?

Arteriosclerotic calcification of heart valves due to aging Signup and view all the answers

Which factors indicate a need for genetic screening for breast cancer?

Family history of breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the respiratory system in metabolic acidosis?

It increases the rate of respirations to blow off CO2. Signup and view all the answers

Which compensation mechanism occurs in respiratory alkalosis?

Kidneys excrete HCO3- and retain H+. Signup and view all the answers

How can one determine if the body is compensating for a pH imbalance?

pH is normal but both CO2 and HCO3 are abnormal. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hypernatremia as a risk for patients with Diabetes Insipidus?

It leads primarily to dehydration. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms associated with hyponatremia?

Nausea, headache, and confusion. Signup and view all the answers

What dietary recommendation is advised for patients with hypertension and heart failure in relation to sodium intake?

Reduce sodium consumption to fewer than 1,500mg per day. Signup and view all the answers

What does complete compensation imply regarding the pH and associated values?

pH is normal, but CO2 and HCO3 values are abnormal. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of metabolic alkalosis on respiratory function?

Increased CO2 retention through slower breathing. Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released by the posterior pituitary to help conserve water?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the sensation of pain at an injury site?

Histamine and prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can lead to the formation of foam cells?

Lipid and macrophage deposition Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key roles of the hypothalamus during inflammation?

Releasing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Signup and view all the answers

What blood disorder is characterized by an excess of red blood cells?

Polycythemia Signup and view all the answers

What substance is critical in the body's stress response to inflammation?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What changes in the urine are associated with pyelonephritis?

Blood and increased WBC Signup and view all the answers

What is a common laboratory test following a heart attack to assess muscle damage?

Troponin test Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels in mEq/L?

22 to 26 Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by excessive thirst?

Polydipsia Signup and view all the answers

In Pyelonephritis, which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom?

Chest pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body?

Break down bone to increase calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes apoptosis?

Programmed cell death Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

Thin upper lips and flat midface Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lab values would indicate metabolic alkalosis?

Plasma bicarb greater than 26 Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to secondary polycythemia?

Chronic blood hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

What clinical manifestation is commonly associated with metabolic alkalosis?

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

What does hypertrophy primarily result from?

Increased workload Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus during inflammation?

Influences hormonal responses through the pituitary Signup and view all the answers

What does an elevated white blood cell count typically indicate?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action may be appropriate for managing metabolic alkalosis?

Provide IV normal saline Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom associated with right-sided heart failure?

Swelling in the feet and ankles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for heart disease?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the first manifestation of an aortic aneurysm?

Pulsatile mass Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of pyelonephritis?

Flank Pain Signup and view all the answers

What causes Cushing’s Disease?

Increased levels of ACTH from lung tumors Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with diabetes insipidus?

Hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can lead to an increased risk of developing pyelonephritis?

Chronic kidney stones Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of prolonged hypertension on arterial walls?

Formation of aneurysms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of secondary lymphoid tissue?

To interact with antigen-presenting cells Signup and view all the answers

What causes a person to develop a fever after an injury?

Secretion of pyrogens by phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

To dissolve clots and remove debris Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes passive immunity?

Antibodies acquired from another source Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes hyperplasia?

Increase in the number of cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of prostaglandin E (PGE) in response to infection?

To reset the body temperature set point Signup and view all the answers

What is natural immunity primarily based on?

Exposure to the pathogen Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom would be indicative of an infection in a wound?

Presence of an abscess Signup and view all the answers

What is hypoglycemia characterized by?

Too little glucose in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with excessive glucose levels in the blood?

Hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of hyponatremia?

Headache and confusion Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is primarily associated with fluid retention?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with the development of Type 2 diabetes?

Insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?

Benign tumors do not produce metastases. Signup and view all the answers

What serious condition can result from excessive ketone production?

Ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results in too much sodium in the blood?

Hypernatremia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of autoimmune disorders?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

What immediate treatment is required when there is no insulin secreted in Type 1 Diabetes?

Insulin therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a physiological characteristic of malignant neoplasms?

They invade surrounding tissue and can metastasize. Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation is associated with metabolic acidosis?

Kussmaul's breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical consequence of polycythemia?

Increased risk of blood clots Signup and view all the answers

In the context of blood gas abnormalities, what indicates metabolic alkalosis?

Plasma bicarbonate greater than 26 Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome on infants?

Retarded physical growth Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily released during the stress response?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What does taking blood samples from the umbilical cord primarily help diagnose?

Fetal DNA abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory finding indicates metabolic acidosis?

Blood bicarbonate (HCO3-) lower than 22 Signup and view all the answers

What response does the body exhibit to compensate for metabolic acidosis?

Increased respiratory rate to blow off CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the stress response?

Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Benign versus Malignant Tumors

Benign tumors resemble the tissue of origin; malignant tumors may not.
Benign tumors grow progressively slowly; malignant tumors grow erratically.
Benign tumors remain localized; malignant tumors invade and destroy surrounding tissue and can metastasize.
Benign tumors do not typically metastasize; malignant tumors frequently metastasize.
Malignant tumors can be staged from I (localized) to IV (metastasized). Malignant tumors can be staged I-IV: I – localized; II - early locally advanced; III late locally advanced; IV - metastasized (located in another area).

Apoptosis

Genetically programmed cell death.
Example: ovarian apoptosis at menopause.
Failure in apoptosis can lead to cancers and tumors.
Example: prostate cancer.
Excessive apoptosis can also be detrimental.

Changes in Cell Growth

Atrophy: Reduction in cell size due to disuse, lack of nerve stimulation, or other factors.
Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size due to increased workload. Example: heart hypertrophy in hypertension.
Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number. Example: benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Other

Metaplasia: Reversible change in one cell type to another. Example: Barrett's esophagus.
Dysplasia: Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of cells. Often considered a precancerous condition.

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Description

Explore the fundamental differences between benign and malignant tumors, including their growth patterns and potential to metastasize. Additionally, learn about apoptosis and the various changes in cell growth such as atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia. This quiz will enhance your understanding of cancer biology and cellular processes.