Chapter 5: Reading Buildings
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concern with ordinary construction buildings?

  • The use of combustible materials
  • The many void spaces for fire spread (correct)
  • The presence of gypsum wall board
  • The substantial dimension of the structural elements

    • Which type of building uses block or brick exterior load-bearing walls?

  • Type V buildings
  • Type III buildings
  • Type IV buildings (correct)
  • Type II buildings

    • Why are Type IV buildings rarely constructed nowadays?

  • Due to the presence of gypsum wall board
  • Because of their combustible nature
  • High cost of large-dimension lumber (correct)
  • Wide-open areas and content exposure

    • What can accelerate collapse in heavy timber buildings if the building housed machinery at one time?

    <p>Oil-soaked floors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In heavy timber construction, what happens when heavy timber beams start to sag?

    <p>They release from the walls to protect the load-bearing wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause the masonry wall in heavy timber construction to become an unstable cantilevered beam?

    <p>Fire cuts made on the beams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of building is often used for homes, small businesses, and chain hotels?

    <p>Type V buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of visualizing and tracing loads in building analysis?

    <p>To determine if any structural element is overloaded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is evaluating time critical in predicting collapse potential?

    <p>To predict when the building might collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor that can lead to building collapse?

    <p>Overloading building components due to excessive loads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are void spaces a risk for structural collapse?

    <p>Because they can cause fire spread and structural collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of overloading building components?

    <p>Early collapse in case of fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are engineered truss roof or floor assemblies considered weak links in fire incidents?

    <p>Because they can fail quickly when fire and/or heat are introduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of parapet walls in a building?

    <p>To hide roof equipment and HVAC units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are facades used in construction?

    <p>For decoration or paneling purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using drywall in Type V wood-frame buildings?

    <p>To protect against fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of building poses challenges to firefighters due to rapidly deteriorating EPS when exposed to fire?

    <p>ICF buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural material used in load-bearing walls and roofs of Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) buildings?

    <p>Oriented strand board (OSB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which construction era saw the replacement of balloon framing with platform framing in wood buildings?

    <p>Industrial era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what era were trusses used more frequently in building construction?

    <p>Legacy era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which era saw the use of rough-sawn lumber exposed to flame forming a char crust that slows burning?

    <p>Founders' era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of building use includes stadiums, arenas, theaters, and churches?

    <p>Public assemblies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does classifying a building by use and size help firefighting operations?

    <p>Forecasts potential fire spread concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why ISOs need to have a deep understanding of building construction?

    <p>To predict collapse potential and communicate effectively with the IC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of load includes the weight of the building and permanent fixtures?

    <p>Dead loads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of material has excellent compressive strength but poor tensile and shear strength?

    <p>Concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about steel is true when exposed to high temperatures?

    <p>It loses strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to masonry units when they are subjected to high temperatures?

    <p>They experience spalling and age deterioration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of building construction classification mentioned in the text?

    <p>Reinforced Concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element in a building plays a critical role in transferring loads and must be evaluated by ISOs to predict potential collapses?

    <p>Connections and trusses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding a building's construction influences crucial for fire officers?

    <p>To evaluate potential fire spread and collapse risks effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the time truisms for predicting collapse mentioned in the text?

    <p>The heavier the structural elements, the faster the collapse occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material are newer parapets in lightweight-era buildings often made of?

    <p>Foam plastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What recommendation is provided in the NIOSH Alert to prevent firefighter injuries due to truss system failures?

    <p>Ensure firefighters are evacuated as soon as trusses are exposed to fire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of building under construction do firefighters face high risks and potential rapid collapse?

    <p>Buildings with exposed structural elements and incomplete assemblies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the UL and FEMA study compare using full-scale test burns?

    <p>The performance aspects of legacy wood structures vs. lightweight engineered wood structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is highlighted as a factor that can accelerate potential collapse time during a fire in buildings?

    <p>Low material mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes parapets to potentially collapse during a fire?

    <p>Eccentric load from sagging roof structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does false work commonly consist of during construction, according to the text?

    <p>2-by 4-inch and 4-by 4-inch wood columns and beams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is knowledge of building construction principles crucial for Incident Safety Officers (ISOs)?

    <p>To predict potential building collapse accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material loses strength as temperatures increase according to the text?

    <p>Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary forces that affect building materials like wood, steel, concrete, and masonry?

    <p>Shear, tension, compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do composite materials differ from basic building materials?

    <p>Composite materials are formed by combining multiple materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of heavy timber construction when beams are exposed to high temperatures?

    <p>Heavy timber beams soften and sag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In building classification, what does the term 'Fire-Resistive' refer to?

    <p>Buildings with fire-resistant construction materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding structural elements like columns and trusses crucial for Incident Safety Officers (ISOs)?

    <p>To predict and communicate potential collapse scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fire concern with ordinary construction buildings?

    <p>The many void spaces for undetected fire spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are newer Type IV buildings rare?

    <p>High cost of large-dimension lumber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with heavy timber construction?

    <p>Combustible nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can accelerate collapse in heavy timber buildings if the building housed machinery at one time?

    <p>Oil-soaked floors heating up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of overloading building components?

    <p>Structural collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding a building's construction crucial for fire officers?

    <p>To predict potential collapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is used to protect the wooden structural elements in wood-frame construction from fire?

    <p>Gypsum wall board</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is classifying a building's construction using the type/era/use/size approach important for firefighters?

    <p>To identify the strengths and weaknesses of the building's materials and structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is determining whether a fire is a structure fire crucial?

    <p>To identify if the load-bearing components are under attack by fire or heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes void spaces in Type III ordinary construction a risk for structural collapse?

    <p>They can cause fire spread and structural collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are parapet walls considered vulnerable to collapse?

    <p>They extend past the top of the roof</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can lead to overloading of building components and potential collapse?

    <p>Using attic spaces for storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding the role of trusses important for predicting potential collapses?

    <p>Trusses can fail quickly when exposed to fire or heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do large, open-span interior spaces increase collapse risk?

    <p>By creating unobstructed open spaces that can collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common factor can lead to connection failures and ultimately building collapses?

    <p>Having connections rely on gravity and axial load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern related to wooden elements in buildings?

    <p>They are prone to rapid deterioration in fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does drywall protect Type V wood-frame buildings from fire?

    <p>By acting as a fire barrier through calcination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge hybrid buildings present to firefighters?

    <p>Insufficient research on their stability during fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In SIP buildings, what material is sandwiched between the structural facings?

    <p>Rigid foam plastic insulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Lightweight era buildings?

    <p>Low mass structural elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of classifying buildings by use and size?

    <p>To identify potential hazards for firefighters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do SIP walls in buildings pose a rapid collapse risk during fires?

    <p>The possibility of utility cuts and conduits allowing fire entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which era saw an advancement where curtain walls began being used in commercial buildings?

    <p>Legacy Era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the factors that can accelerate the potential collapse time of a building during a fire?

    <p>Low material mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are firefighters advised to evacuate as soon as trusses are exposed to fire, according to the NIOSH Alert?

    <p>To prevent injuries and deaths from truss system failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the UL and FEMA study compare using full-scale test burns?

    <p>Collapse times between lightweight and legacy wood structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is highlighted as a challenge for firefighters facing residential fires?

    <p>Dangers due to rapidly deteriorating materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for referring to a fire in a building under construction as a 'loser'?

    <p>Great danger and high potential for loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor buys time when steel is exposed to high temperatures?

    <p>Water cooling the steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do parapets in newer, lightweight-era buildings often fail during a fire?

    <p>Their inability to support firefighter weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can contribute to a rapid collapse during a fire in buildings under construction?

    <p>Use of lightweight materials in construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of classifying the building's construction using the type/era/use/size approach?

    <p>To identify strengths and weaknesses associated with a given building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are parapet walls considered vulnerable to collapse?

    <p>Because they are typically freestanding with little stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can lead to overloading of building components and potential collapse?

    <p>Addition of a second roof structure or storage on a flat roof building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is evaluating time critical in predicting collapse potential?

    <p>To predict when structural elements might fail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause fire-related collapse in buildings?

    <p>Presence of void spaces in construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are trusses considered weak links when exposed to fire or heat?

    <p>Since they are known for rapid failure under heat conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do parapets differ from facades in construction?

    <p><em>Parapets</em> are freestanding while <em>facades</em> are typically connected to the building structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with Type IV heavy timber construction buildings?

    <p>Wide-open areas and content exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are newer Type IV buildings considered rare?

    <p>High cost of large-dimension lumber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of Type V wood-frame construction buildings?

    <p>Gypsum wall board protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Type III ordinary construction buildings, why are void spaces a risk for structural collapse?

    <p>Presence of hidden voids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can accelerate potential collapse time during a fire in heavy timber buildings that previously housed machinery?

    <p>Use of oil-soaked floors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do heavy timber beams release from walls in Type IV buildings undergoing fire incidents?

    <p>To protect load-bearing walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for calling homeowners and small business owners 'taxpayers' in relation to firefighters?

    <p>&quot;Taxpayers&quot; refers to the common layout of businesses and apartments in buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the time truisms mentioned for predicting collapse?

    <p>The heavier the material mass, the faster the structure comes down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do parapets play in newer, lightweight-era buildings during a fire?

    <p>Failing quickly due to additional eccentric loads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do firefighters evacuate as soon as trusses are exposed to fire according to the NIOSH Alert?

    <p>To prevent firefighter injuries due to truss system failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a rapid collapse in buildings under construction if a fire ignites?

    <p>Exposed structural elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the UL and FEMA study reveal about floor assembly failure in lightweight engineered wood structures compared to legacy wood structures?

    <p>Lightweight engineered wood structures failed after 30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the factors that can accelerate potential collapse time during a fire in buildings?

    <p>Alterations and age deterioration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are buildings under construction referred to as 'losers' by firefighters?

    <p>'Loser' refers to the risk of loss and danger they pose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is of concern for firefighters in grid-block ICF buildings?

    <p>Rapid deterioration of EPS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In SIP buildings, what can cause the panels to lose their structural integrity?

    <p>Melting of interior EPS due to heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are lightweight-era building collapses quick in fire conditions?

    <p>Their structural elements have high mass-to-surface ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element can contribute to a rapid structural failure in SIP walls during a fire?

    <p>Heat causing interior EPS to contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue with hybrid buildings during actual fires, according to the text?

    <p>Lack of research information on their stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do commercial steel and concrete buildings with curtain walls pose a risk during fires?

    <p>Unprotected steel softening and elongating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes ICF buildings prone to rapid structural failure during fires?

    <p>Rapid deterioration of expanded polystyrene (EPS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes drywall vulnerable to bowing, crumbling, and falling during fires?

    <p>Sacrificing water due to calcination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for Incident Safety Officers (ISOs) to have a deep understanding of building construction?

    <p>To effectively communicate collapse potential to the Incident Commander</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are steel and concrete crucial materials to understand for predicting building collapse?

    <p>Because they exhibit different strengths under various forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major difference between concrete and steel when exposed to high temperatures?

    <p>Concrete softens and sags while steel loses strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of building construction utilizes materials like wood, steel, concrete, masonry, plastics, and adhesives?

    <p>Composite construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding structural elements like columns, beams, connections, and trusses crucial for predicting potential collapses?

    <p>To assess the transfer of loads effectively within a building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do live loads differ from dead loads in buildings?

    <p>Dead loads are permanent fixtures while live loads are external forces acting on the building.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can accelerate collapse time during a fire in buildings?

    <p>The presence of void spaces within the building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding building classifications important for fire officers?

    <p>To assess potential risks related to fire spread and collapse based on construction types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fire concern with heavy timber construction?

    <p>Wide-open areas and content exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with wood-frame buildings?

    <p>Combustible nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major challenge associated with Type IV heavy timber construction?

    <p>Wide-open areas and content exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might newer Type IV buildings be rare?

    <p>High cost of large-dimension lumber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor may contribute to a long-lasting fire in Type IV buildings?

    <p>Exposure of structural wood mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In heavy timber construction, what can accelerate building collapse if machinery was previously housed?

    <p>Oil-soaked floors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes Type V wood-frame buildings vulnerable to fire?

    <p>&quot;Combustible nature&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are heavy timber buildings stoutly constructed?

    <p>&quot;Mill construction&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of building construction uses expanded polystyrene (EPS) to form a concrete mold for walls?

    <p>Hybrid buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which building era brought much larger buildings with unprotected steel and the associated risks that come with it?

    <p>Industrial Era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common characteristic of SIP walls made of oriented strand board (OSB) and EPS panels?

    <p>They quickly melt under heat alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what building era were trusses used more frequently and drywall replaced lath and plaster?

    <p>Legacy Era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are buildings in the Lightweight Era more prone to quick collapses in fire conditions?

    <p>They use lightweight structural elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which building construction type uses curtain walls that can collapse quickly during fires and endanger outside crews?

    <p>Steel and concrete commercial buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial for ISOs to have a deep understanding of building construction?

    <p>To predict collapse potential and communicate it effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of steel when exposed to high temperatures?

    <p>It loses strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between concrete and steel regarding their strength properties?

    <p>Concrete has poor tensile and shear strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do ISOs need to understand forces and building materials in the context of building collapse?

    <p>To predict collapse potential accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of composite materials in building construction?

    <p>To reduce the weight of structural elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural element plays a critical role in transferring loads in a building?

    <p>Columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is evaluating time critical in predicting collapse potential?

    <p>To assess the effect of fire and heat on load-bearing components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can lead to building collapse due to overloading of components?

    <p>Addition of rooftop signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are parapet walls vulnerable to collapse?

    <p>Because they rely on gravity and axial load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of facades in construction?

    <p>To provide decorative finishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can hoarding behavior contribute to building collapse?

    <p>By adding excessive weight to the building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do void spaces impact structural integrity in Type III ordinary construction?

    <p>By causing fire spread and structural collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes trusses a potential weak link when exposed to fire?

    <p>Their lightweight construction material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are large, open-span interior spaces more susceptible to collapse risk?

    <p>Because they create unobstructed open spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the recommendations from the NIOSH Alert regarding firefighting operations under or above trusses exposed to fire?

    <p>Evacuate firefighters as soon as trusses are exposed to fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant difference in collapse time between the lightweight engineered wood structure and the legacy wood structure in the UL and FEMA Study?

    <p>The lightweight structure collapsed in approximately 15 minutes, while the legacy did not fail until approximately 30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does false work, such as 2-by 4-inch and 4-by 4-inch wood columns and beams, pose a significant risk during construction?

    <p>It can lead to a hot, rapidly spreading fire and sudden collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the NIOSH alert aim to prevent in relation to firefighters?

    <p>Injuries and deaths due to truss system failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can contribute to a rapid collapse if a fire develops in buildings under construction?

    <p>Exposed structural elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is highlighted as a time truism for predicting collapses in structures?

    <p>'Wet (cooled) steel buys time'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are parapets made entirely of foam plastic in newer lightweight-era buildings particularly vulnerable?

    <p>They quickly collapse even under minimal weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is highlighted as a factor that can accelerate potential collapse time during a fire in buildings?

    <p>'Low material mass'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a lintel in a building structure?

    <p>To serve as a beam that spans an opening in a load-bearing masonry wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a hybrid building according to the information provided?

    <p>A mix of multiple NFPA 220 types or not fitting into any of the five types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a girder in a building structure?

    <p>To carry other beams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of false work in the context of building construction?

    <p>Temporary shoring, bracing, or formwork used to support incomplete structural elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disturbance called when concrete material crumbles and is lost due to heat exposure?

    <p>Spalling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force causes a material to be crushed or flattened axially through the material?

    <p>Compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In building structures, what is the primary role of a connection?

    <p>To attach structural elements to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Emergency abandonment' refers to a strict order for crews to immediately escape from a building interior, leaving behind:

    <p>Tools impeding rapid retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Partial collapse' in a building signifies an event where:

    <p>'Dead loads' cause localized damage but no full failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic describes a ductile material in terms of force resistance?

    <p>The material will bend, stretch, or deflect as it resists forces, keeping some strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of an Incident Safety Officer (ISO) in relation to building construction and loads?

    <p>Sharing information on collapse potential with Incident Commanders (IC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of brittle materials according to the text?

    <p>They fracture or fail when deformed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biggest threat posed by a partial collapse in a building, according to the text?

    <p>Secondary partial or general collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In building construction, what is a cantilever beam supported by?

    <p>One end only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of construction method utilizes continuous wood studs from foundation to roof?

    <p>Balloon framing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a precautionary withdrawal order in emergency situations?

    <p>For crews to orderly exit bringing hoses and tools along</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material reacts differently to fire by softening and elongating?

    <p>Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Axial load' refers to a load imposed through the centroid of another object. What type of load is it?

    <p>Compression force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Emergency abandonment' orders for firefighters involve what specific action?

    <p>'Imminent collapse' situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a beam that spans an opening in a load-bearing masonry wall?

    <p>Lintel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In building construction, what is the primary purpose of a platform framing method?

    <p>To build the next floor on top of existing walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a diagonal brace primarily serving as a column but also absorbing beam forces?

    <p>Raker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force causes a material to be crushed or flattened axially through the material?

    <p>Compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a seemingly decorative metal plate used to distribute force over more bricks or blocks in corrective measures inside a building?

    <p>Spreader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of load is imposed in a manner causing another object to twist?

    <p>Torsional load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the weight of the building itself and anything permanently attached to it?

    <p>Dead load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a veneer wall in building construction?

    <p>It supports only its own weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a series of triangles used to form an open-web structural element functioning as a beam?

    <p>Truss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a force that causes a material to be torn in opposite directions perpendicular or diagonal to the material?

    <p>Shear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an emergency abandonment order in firefighting terms?

    <p>Crews evacuating a building immediately in an imminent collapse situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biggest threat created by a partial collapse of a building?

    <p>A secondary partial or general collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary load-bearing portions of a building typically called?

    <p>Columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material softens and elongates when exposed to fire?

    <p>Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of load is imposed through the centroid of another object?

    <p>Axial load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential support for floors and roofs within a building?

    <p>Beams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a material that will fracture or fail as it is deformed past its design limits?

    <p>Brittle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Collapse zone' refers to an area exposed to trauma, debris, and thrust in case of what event?

    <p>Partial collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

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