Understanding Atherosclerosis

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What type of hypertension is associated with atherosclerosis in the pulmonary veins?

Portal hypertension

Hypertension of the small circle (correct)

Arterial hypertension

Systemic hypertension

What theory suggests that atherosclerosis is a disease of sapientation?

Lipoproteinemia theory

Gerontological theory of Davydovsky

Thrombogenic theory of Rokitansky-Dyuged

Neurometabolic theory of A.L.Myasnikov (correct)

What is a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis, according to the neurometabolic theory?

Ethnic factor

Vascular factor

Nervous factor (correct)

Hereditary factor

What is the term for the mushy fat-protein detritus that appears in the intima of the arteries?

Athere Signup and view all the answers

What type of arteries are usually affected by the atherosclerotic process?

Arteries of large and medium caliber Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the fibrous plaques stage of atherosclerosis?

Ulceration, hemorrhages and thrombotic masses Signup and view all the answers

At what age can lipid spots be found in the aorta in 50% of children?

Under 1 year Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of atherosclerosis going through certain stages, reflected in macroscopic examination?

Morphogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary importance attached to in the development of atherosclerosis, according to Davydovsky?

Age-related changes in the arterial wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the development of symptomatic hypertension in some cases of renal atherosclerosis?

Ischemia of the renal tissue due to stenosing atherosclerosis of the renal arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of atherosclerosis affecting the arteries of the extremities?

Coldness of the limb, characteristic pains when walking Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the death of intestinal tissue due to atherosclerosis of the intestinal arteries?

Intestinal gangrene Signup and view all the answers

Why is the function of a large-tuberous atherosclerotic wrinkled kidney not severely impaired?

Because most of the parenchyma remains intact Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the gangrene of a limb due to atherosclerosis?

Atherosclerotic gangrene Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sets of conditions is required for a disease to be classified as atherosclerosis?

Violation of fat and protein metabolism, damage to arteries, and deposition of lipids and proteins in the intima accompanied by connective tissue proliferation Signup and view all the answers

How does atherosclerosis differ from arteriosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis specifically refers to disorders of lipid and protein metabolism, while arteriosclerosis refers to any form of sclerosis of the arteries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sets of circumstances most accurately describes the prevalence and manifestation of atherosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis is widespread in economically developed countries and is a major cause of death and disability in these countries, mainly affecting individuals in the second half of life Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced the term 'atherosclerosis' and provided its experimental basis?

Marchand and N.N.Anichkov Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'atherosclerosis' refer to?

A specific type of arteriosclerosis that reflects disorders of lipid and protein metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Focal deposits of what substances in the intima are characteristic of atherosclerosis?

Lipids and proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the breakdown of fat-protein complexes in fibrous plaques?

Atheroma Signup and view all the answers

What type of atherosclerosis is characterized by the deposition of calcium salts into fibrous plaques?

Atherocalcinosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the formation of an aneurysm of the vessel at the site of its ulceration?

Aneurysm formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of atherosclerosis morphogenesis?

Prelipid stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the intima?

Formation of fibrous plaques Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of fatty spots and stripes, fibrous plaques, atheromatous ulcers with blood clots, and areas of atherocalcinosis occurring simultaneously in the same vessel?

Wavelike course of atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the accumulation of plasma proteins, fibrinogen (fibrin) in the inner membrane?

Formation of flat parietal thrombi Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the final result of the destruction of the plaque cover, its ulceration, hemorrhages into the thickness of the plaque, and the formation of thrombotic deposits at the site of plaque ulceration?

Complicated lesions Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the increased permeability of the endothelium and intimal membranes?

Accumulation of plasma proteins, fibrinogen in the inner membrane Signup and view all the answers

What determines the duration of the prelipid stage?

The possibility of lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes of the intima to 'cleanse' it from 'clogging' products of impaired metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of the lipoidosis stage?

Focal infiltration of the intima with lipids, lipoproteins, and proteins Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are formed in the lipoidosis stage?

Foamy cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of liposclerosis?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is formed in atheromatosis?

A fine-grained amorphous mass Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of atheromatous masses?

They are delimited from the vessel lumen by a layer of mature connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the stage of ulceration?

Formation of an atheromatous ulcer Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates calcification of plaques?

Elastolysis Signup and view all the answers

What determines the allocation of clinical periods and stages of atherosclerosis?

The morphogenesis of atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of the wave-like course of atherosclerosis?

Alternating phases of progression, stabilization, and regression Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of developing acute ischemia of organs and tissues?

Infraction, gangrene, and hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical and anatomical form of atherosclerosis?

Pulmonary form Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common form of atherosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis of the aorta Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential complications of aortic atherosclerosis?

Plaque rupture and thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries of the heart?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How does prolonged cerebral ischemia on the basis of stenosing atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries affect the brain?

It leads to dystrophy and atrophy of the cerebral cortex Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the kidneys in atherosclerosis of the renal arteries?

Wedge-shaped areas of parenchyma atrophy develop with stromal collapse Signup and view all the answers

What is the danger of the formation of an aneurysm?

It can lead to bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of cerebrovascular diseases?

Atherosclerosis of the arteries of the brain Signup and view all the answers

What are the long-term effects of a long-standing aortic aneurysm?

Atrophy of surrounding tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary importance among metabolic factors in the development of atherosclerosis?

Disorders of fat and protein metabolism, primarily cholesterol and lipoproteins Signup and view all the answers

What role does hypercholesterolemia play in the etiology of atherosclerosis?

It is important in some cases but not all Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of VLDL and LDL in the development of atherosclerosis?

They are atherogenic and contribute to the development of atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hormonal factors in the development of atherosclerosis?

They are undeniable and contribute to the development of atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between obesity and atherosclerosis?

There is a direct relationship between obesity and atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hemodynamic factor in the development of atherosclerosis?

It is undoubted and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between hypertension and atherosclerosis?

There is a direct relationship between hypertension and atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary importance of VLDL and LDL in the development of atherosclerosis?