Umar bin Al-Khattab: The Second Caliph

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Umar (RA) focused on efficient administration by expanding cultivation, building canals for irrigation, and improving infrastructure like roads and highways. He also established mosques and schools to promote religious and secular education.

Umar (RA) ensured good relations between Muslims and non-Muslims by allowing them to be governed by their own religious laws. This fostered a climate of religious tolerance in the caliphate.

Umar (RA) introduced the Islamic calendar, starting it from the year of Hijrah (migration) and making Muharram the first month of the year.

Umar (RA) was the first Muslim to mint the Islamic currency in 18 AH. He added the phrase "All praise to Allah" to Persian coins, promoting Islamic values.

Umar (RA) expanded the meaning of Ijtihaad (legal reasoning), leading to the development of new legal procedures like Ijmaa (consensus), Qiyas (analogy), and legal precedents.

Umar (RA) started the practice of praying Taraweeh in congregation during Ramadan. He appointed Ubay bin Ka'b as the Imam to lead the prayers.

Umar (RA) expanded the Sacred Mosque in Makkah and the Prophet's mosque in Madinah, demonstrating his commitment to promoting Islamic sites.

Umar (RA) stressed the importance of female education by promoting Quranic teachings for girls. He sent trained teachers to educate them and built more schools and mosques.

The decisive battle between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sassanid Empire in 636 AD, marking a crucial turning point in the Islamic conquest of Persia.

The Muslim general who led the Rashidun army to victory against the Persians at the Battle of Qadisiyyah.

The Rashidun Caliph Umar instructed Saad to offer the Persians three options: conversion to Islam, payment of jizyah, or fighting.

The Persian general who led the Sassanid army against the Muslims at the Battle of Qadisiyyah.

A tax paid by non-Muslim subjects of the Islamic State, allowing them protection and freedom of religion.

The first day of the Battle of Qadisiyyah, where the Muslims attacked the Persians under the leadership of Saad.

The second day of the Battle of Qadisiyyah, where the Muslims received reinforcements and gained momentum.

A brave Muslim general who led reinforcements during the second day of the Battle of Qadisiyyah, boosting the morale of the Muslim army.

A significant battle fought in 13 AH (634 AD) between the Muslim army led by Abu Ubaid ath Thaqafi and the Persian army under Bahman Jazavia. It took place near the Euphrates River, where a bridge provided access between the two armies.

The Persian standard, a large banner made of tiger skin, believed to bring good luck. It was given to Bahman Jazavia by Rustam, the Persian commander, for the Battle of Jasr.

A key part of the Persian army in the Battle of Jasr. Their size, strength, and the fear they instilled in Arabian horses posed a serious threat to the Muslim army.

The Muslim commander who led the army in the Battle of Jasr. He displayed courage and strategic thinking in facing the Persian army.

The Muslim army's tactic of retreating across the bridge after crossing the Euphrates. This allowed them to create a defensive position, though it also made them vulnerable on a limited terrain.

A tactic used by the Muslim army in the Battle of Jasr to dislodge the Persian soldiers from the elephants. This involved severing the straps securing the saddles, causing the riders to fall.

A tactic used by the Muslim army, hoping to incapacitate the elephants. This involved cutting the lips of the elephants, but ultimately proved ineffective.

Although the Persians initially gained an advantage with their elephants, the Muslims fought bravely and managed to kill 6,000 enemy troops. However, the battle resulted in heavy losses for the Muslims due to Persian arrows and elephant attacks.

The Muslim army, led by Qaka, laid siege to Jalula for 7 months, strategically engaging the Persians and ultimately forcing their retreat.

The Persians were defeated at Jalula, resulting in their agreement to pay Jizyah (tribute) to the Muslims.

The Persians broke a peace treaty with the Muslims, prompting Umar (RA) to mobilize armies to defend the conquered lands and prevent the Persians from regaining control of Mesopotamia.

Nauman ibn Muqarrin, a Muslim commander, motivated his troops by reminding them that they were fighting for their honor and religion, not just land or wealth.

The Muslims achieved a decisive victory at Nahawand, shattering the Persian Empire and earning the title 'Victory of Victories' (Fatah al-Futuh).

The Persian army suffered heavy losses at Nahawand, with their commander Firuzan and approximately 38,000 soldiers killed.

Umar (RA) was fatally stabbed by a Persian slave named Abu Lulu, who resented Umar's policies towards non-Muslims. This tragic event occurred in the mosque.

Despite being seriously wounded, Umar (RA) remained calm and prayed for forgiveness. He also ordered the investigation to identify the attacker.

While on his deathbed, Umar (RA) emphasized the importance of modesty in clothing. He cautioned a young man to lift his clothes to honor the dignity of his attire.

Knowing his death was imminent, Umar (RA) nominated a council of six prominent companions to choose the next Caliph within three days.

Suhaib bin Sinan (RA) led the funeral prayer for Umar (RA) due to his leadership in obligatory prayers.

Umar (RA) expressed his desire to be buried next to the Prophet (SAW), which was granted by Ayesha (RA) despite her preference to have the space for herself and her family.

He ruled for 13.5 years and died in 23 AH (644 AD). He is remembered for his leadership and vision for the expansion of the Islamic empire, his emphasis on good governance and justice.

Jerusalem was conquered without bloodshed, as Umar offered the people security and religious freedom, earning their trust and submission. They surrendered the keys to the city, ensuring a peaceful transition.

Egypt posed a strategic and religious threat. Its strong Byzantine navy was a danger to Mecca, and its inhabitants suffered under oppressive rulers. The Muslim conquest would secure Mecca, spread Islam, and improve life for Egyptians.

A skilled Muslim general who, after conquering Palestine, led the conquest of Egypt with 40,000 men, aiming to defeat the Byzantines and improve the lives of Egyptians.

The capture of Fustat, a fortified city, dealt a major blow to the Byzantine army in Egypt, signifying a shift in the balance of power.

Alexandria, the capital of Egypt and a major economic hub, was a significant target for the Muslims. Its capture would further cripple Byzantine power and secure Muslim control.

Furious upon hearing of Fustat's fall, the Byzantine Emperor dispatched a large army to defend Alexandria. This indicates the importance of the city and the Byzantine's desperation to prevent its capture.

Muslim conquest of Egypt wasn't only about territorial expansion but also about ensuring security, spreading the message of Islam, and relieving Egyptians from oppression.