Ulcerative Colitis Diagnosis and Severity Assessment

What is the major difference in disease distribution between ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD)?

Which of the following is NOT considered as a potential etiology for inflammatory bowel disease?

What is the genetic role of NOD2 in the pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease?

How are first-degree relatives of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affected in terms of risk?

Which diagnostic test is commonly used to assess the severity and extent of ulcerative colitis (UC)?

What distinguishes intermediate colitis from the types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) like UC and CD?

Which of the following is not a poor prognostic factor for Ulcerative Colitis?

What is a distinguishing feature of Crohn's Disease compared to Ulcerative Colitis?

Which of the following clinical signs is more specific to Crohn's Disease?

Which diagnostic test is essential for confirming Crohn's Disease?

What distinguishes distal from extensive Ulcerative Colitis?

Why is 'cobblestone' appearance mentioned in relation to Crohn's Disease?

Which of the following lifestyle factors is NOT considered a potential etiology for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

What is a common clinical feature that helps differentiate Ulcerative Colitis (UC) from Crohn's Disease (CD)?

Which medication is NOT listed as a potential etiology for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

Which of the following is a severe complication more commonly associated with Ulcerative Colitis (UC) than Crohn's Disease (CD)?

What is a common extraintestinal manifestation seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease?

Which clinical presentation is more characteristic of Crohn's Disease compared to Ulcerative Colitis?

Which biologic agent targeting TNF-α is described as fully humanized with no murine sequences?

What is a possible adverse effect associated with the subcutaneous delivery of a biosimilar version of infliximab?

Which of the following is a potential side effect of a biologic agent targeting TNF-α according to information from PubMed Health?

Which biologic agent is delivered subcutaneously and considered a new drug due to its delivery method?

What distinguishes adalimumab from infliximab in terms of their composition?

Which of the following potential side effects is associated with the subcutaneous delivery of a biosimilar version of infliximab?

Which biologic agent is a humanized antigen-binding fragment (Fab) directed against TNF-α conjugated to polyethylene glycol?

Which biologic agent targets the cellular adhesion molecule α4-integrin and carries a risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)?

Which possible adverse effect is specifically associated with Vedolizumab?

Which biologic agent is a humanized IgG-I monoclonal antibody that binds to integrin and blocks the binding of MAdCAM-1 to a4b7 integrin?

Which biologic agent inhibits soluble and membrane-bound TNF-α as well as signaling through both the p55 and p75 TNFα receptors in vitro?

Which possible adverse effect includes itching or hives, swelling in face or hands, and trouble breathing?

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of thiopurine to 6-methyl-mercaptopurine?

What is the primary mode of action of infliximab, a biologic agent targeting TNF-α?

Which biologic agent targeting TNF-α is associated with a warning on government websites regarding hepatic injuries?

What adverse effect is commonly associated with Cyclosporine, a calcineurin inhibitor?

What is the FDA-approved biologic agent targeting TNF-α that was approved around 2023?

Which enzyme inhibition is a key mechanism of action for methotrexate, a drug used in inflammatory diseases?

What is the typical timeframe for Budesonide (Uceris®) 2 mg rectal foam to show efficacy in patients with mild to moderate disease in the colon?

Which enzyme activity should be assessed before starting Thiopurines like Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for IBD patients?

Which adverse effect is associated with long-term use of Metronidazole in treating inflammatory bowel disease?

What is the mechanism of action of Ciprofloxacin when used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease?

Which enzyme activity level guides dosing adjustments of Thiopurines to prevent myelosuppression?

Which medication is indicated for active steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent IBD and requires 3-6 months for efficacy to be seen?

What is the maximum recommended duration for Budesonide CIR in managing Crohn's disease?

Which pharmacological agent has been shown to have similar efficacy to mesalamine in Crohn's disease treatment according to the guidelines?

What is the recommendation for 5-ASAs in the maintenance of Mild-Moderate Crohn's disease?

Which of the following statements about Metronidazole and Ciprofloxacin in Crohn's disease treatment is TRUE?

Which of the following pharmacological agents is NOT recommended for the maintenance of Mild-Moderate Crohn's disease?

What is a key limitation of using Mesalamine alone in Crohn's disease induction therapy?

Which medication is generally used for induction, remission, and mucosal healing in Moderate-Severe Crohn's Disease?

What is the recommended alternative treatment in Step 3 for Moderate-Severe Crohn's Disease after a failed anti-TNF-α therapy?

What is the common approach to maintenance in Crohn's Disease according to guidelines?

Which statement about immunomodulators in Crohn's Disease is accurate?

What is the recommended treatment approach for Severe-Fulminant Crohn's Disease in case of bowel obstruction?

Which medication is considered ineffective for the maintenance of Moderate-Severe Crohn's Disease according to guidelines?

What is the primary consideration when choosing maintenance therapy for Crohn's Disease?

Which scoring system is used for staging liver disease, including cirrhosis, based on specific criteria such as ascites and bilirubin levels?

What is the purpose of the MELD score in liver disease management?

Which diagnostic imaging modality is typically used as the first-line investigation in evaluating liver pathologies?

In liver cirrhosis, which factor is NOT part of the criteria used in the Child-Pugh Classification Score for staging?

What is a recommended preventive measure in patients with cirrhosis to reduce the risk of progression and complications?

What are some common risk factors for the development of liver cirrhosis?

Which of the following is a complication associated with decompensated cirrhosis?

What are some stigmata of chronic liver disease that can be observed in patients with cirrhosis?

What is a common cause of primary sclerosing cholangitis, a condition less commonly associated with liver cirrhosis?

Which of the following is a function of the liver that gets impaired in patients with cirrhosis leading to complications?

What is the primary mechanism of action for using beta blockers in portal hypertension?

Which condition can be a consequence of portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis?

In patients with ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which antibiotic is commonly used for prophylaxis?

Which medication is commonly used in the pharmacologic management of varices to reduce the risk of bleeding?

What is the primary difference between propranolol and nadolol in relation to dosing for portal hypertension?

What is the primary goal when titrating Propranolol or Nadolol for varices prophylaxis?

What is the mechanism of action of Beta blockers like Propranolol in varices prophylaxis?

What is the preferred treatment for bleeding varices during an acute episode?

Which pharmacological agent is recommended for slowing or stopping bleeding in cases of variceal hemorrhage?

When should antibiotics be considered in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites?

Which system is activated due to NO and hypotension in the pathophysiology of ascites?

Which enzyme is responsible for converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the RAAS system related to the pathophysiology of ascites?

What is the primary effect of angiotensin II binding to the AT1 receptor in the pathophysiology of ascites?

Which of the following consequences does NOT arise from the activation of the RAAS system in response to NO and hypotension in ascites?

What effect does splanchnic vasodilation have on arterial perfusion pressure in the pathophysiology of ascites?

What does a SAAG (serum-ascites albumin gradient) value of ≥1.1 g/dL and Ascitic Protein <2.5 g/dL indicate?

Which statement is true regarding the treatment of Grade 3 Ascites?

Which medication is commonly used for maintenance in patients with ascites?

What is the primary cause of fluid accumulation in ascites when SAAG is <1.1 g/dL?

Which adverse effect is associated with furosemide but not spironolactone when used in ascites treatment?

What is the primary role of lactulose in treating hepatic encephalopathy?

Which medication is NOT recommended for long-term use in hepatic encephalopathy due to peripheral neuropathy risk?

What is the classification system used to subdivide hepatic encephalopathy based on the underlying cause?

Which of the following is NOT a common sign or symptom of hepatic encephalopathy?

What is the potential consequence of excessive ammonia intake in patients with hepatic encephalopathy?

In the West Haven Criteria grading system for hepatic encephalopathy, which grade is characterized by somnolence, severe confusion, aggressive behavior, and asterixis?

Which factor necessitates cautious dosing of lactulose in patients with hepatic encephalopathy?

What is the primary diagnostic method for hepatic encephalopathy that involves excluding other possible causes?

What is the main purpose of adding a second agent in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy for patients who are unresponsive to lactulose alone?

Which of the following substances is NOT implicated in causing changes in astrocytes leading to brain edema in hepatic encephalopathy?

What is the most common etiology of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis?

Which of the following is NOT a medication contributor to the development of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis?

What is the confirmatory laboratory finding for diagnosing Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in a patient with cirrhosis and ascites?

Which antibiotic is the preferred empiric treatment for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in patients with no risk of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs)?

What is the recommended duration of antibiotic treatment for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis?

What is the primary prophylaxis recommended for inpatients with cirrhosis and certain complications even if they have not had spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) before?

What are the conditions that warrant primary prophylaxis for SBP in patients with cirrhosis and other complications?

Who should receive secondary prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and for how long?

Why is daily dosing of antibiotics preferred over intermittent dosing for SBP prophylaxis?

What is the appropriate duration of secondary prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)?

In hepatorenal syndrome, what is the primary pathophysiological mechanism that leads to renal impairment?

What is a major diagnostic criterion for identifying hepatorenal syndrome (HRS-AKI)?

What is a recommended non-pharmacologic management strategy to prevent hepatorenal syndrome in patients with elevated serum creatinine levels?

What is the primary prophylactic treatment approach recommended for inpatients with cirrhosis who have not experienced spontaneous bacterial peritonitis before?

Which medication intervention may be necessary for patients with hepatorenal syndrome until they undergo liver transplant?

Which parameter is essential for diagnosing hepatorenal syndrome after withdrawal of diuretics in a patient with cirrhosis and ascites?