46 Questions
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
Which ribs are considered typical ribs?
Ribs 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th
True ribs are referred to as:
Ribs 1st - 7th
How do true ribs articulate with the sternum?
Via a single costal cartilage directly to the sternum
What type of ribs articulate indirectly to the sternum?
False ribs
Which ribs do not articulate with the sternum at all?
Ribs 11th - 12th
The diaphragm separates which two cavities in the body?
Thoracic and abdominal cavities
Which structures are allowed to travel to/from the abdomen through the openings in the diaphragm?
Oesophagus
Which vertebral level is associated with the passage of the inferior vena cava through the diaphragm?
T8
Which of the following does NOT pass through the diaphragm?
Superior vena cava
Which muscles are responsible for aiding in inspiration?
External intercostals
What is the function of the internal and innermost intercostal muscles?
Aid in forced expiration
Where does the neurovascular bundle lie?
In the costal groove
What is the significance of knowing the location of the neurovascular bundle?
It assists in the insertion of a chest drain
What is the main function of the external intercostal muscles?
Aid in quiet and forced inhalation
How do the external intercostal muscles contribute to inhalation?
By expanding the size of the chest cavity
What happens when the external intercostal muscles elevate the upper ribs?
The anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cavity increases
What movement is associated with the elevation of the lower ribs by the external intercostal muscles?
Bucket handle movement
What is the result of the external intercostal muscles creating a negative intra-thoracic pressure?
Inhalation is facilitated
Which bronchus is more vertical, wider, and shorter?
Right main bronchus
The left main bronchus passes under which anatomical structure?
Aortic arch
Which bronchus is longer and narrower?
Left main bronchus
The main bronchi enter the lung hilum at which vertebral level?
T5/6 vertebral level
At which level does the trachea bifurcate into the main bronchi?
T4/T5 level
The posterior completion of the tracheal rings is formed by:
Trachealis muscle
The trachea is formed of:
Incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage
At which level does the trachea begin?
C6 level
Which of the following describes the pleura?
Two layers of opposing membranes
Which layer of the pleura covers the lung?
Visceral pleura
Where is the parietal pleura located?
Covers the internal surface of the chest wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm
What is found in the pleural cavity?
Serous fluid
What is the function of the pleura?
Protect the lungs from friction against the chest wall
What holds the two layers of pleurae together?
Surface tension
What is the nerve supply of the parietal pleura?
Phrenic nerves (C3,4,5)
From which pleura is pain sensed?
Parietal pleura
Which structure is represented as the pulmonary ligament?
Parietal pleura
What does pleural fluid help maintain between the parietal and visceral pleurae?
Functional vacuum
What is the accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural space called?
Pleural effusion
Which type of fluid can accumulate in the pleural cavity?
Serous fluid
Where is a chest drain inserted in the pleural cavity in a pleural effusion?
Mid-axillary line
What is pneumothorax?
Collapse of the lung
What can lead to a tension pneumothorax?
All of the above
What happens in tension pneumothorax?
All of the above
What is the immediate treatment for tension pneumothorax?
Needle decompression
Where is the needle inserted during needle decompression for tension pneumothorax?
2nd intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line
What happens when air is removed from the pleural cavity during needle decompression?
The lung re-inflates automatically
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the pleura, including what holds the layers together, contents of the pleural cavity, functions of the pleura, location of the parietal pleura, nerve supply of the parietal pleura, and how pain is sensed.
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