Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does a pyranometer measure?
What does a pyranometer measure?
Which instrument is used to measure sunshine duration?
Which instrument is used to measure sunshine duration?
Which month experiences the lowest mean temperature according to the provided data?
Which month experiences the lowest mean temperature according to the provided data?
What is the mean annual temperature at Baguio, which is situated at an elevation of 1,500 meters?
What is the mean annual temperature at Baguio, which is situated at an elevation of 1,500 meters?
Signup and view all the answers
What climatic factor most significantly affects rainfall distribution in the Philippines?
What climatic factor most significantly affects rainfall distribution in the Philippines?
Signup and view all the answers
Which region in the Philippines receives the least amount of rainfall?
Which region in the Philippines receives the least amount of rainfall?
Signup and view all the answers
What is indicated by a low-pressure system in terms of weather conditions?
What is indicated by a low-pressure system in terms of weather conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the climate of the Philippines?
What characterizes the climate of the Philippines?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the average monthly relative humidity in the Philippines in March?
What is the average monthly relative humidity in the Philippines in March?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to atmospheric pressure as altitude increases?
What happens to atmospheric pressure as altitude increases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary source of energy that drives the climate system on Earth?
What is the primary source of energy that drives the climate system on Earth?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a primary source of water due to humidity?
Which of the following is a primary source of water due to humidity?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of incoming solar radiation is reflected back to space?
What percentage of incoming solar radiation is reflected back to space?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential effect of low atmospheric pressure at very high altitudes?
What is a potential effect of low atmospheric pressure at very high altitudes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which law describes the amount of energy emitted based on temperature?
Which law describes the amount of energy emitted based on temperature?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the radiation emitted by the Earth's surface?
What is the term for the radiation emitted by the Earth's surface?
Signup and view all the answers
Relative humidity in the Philippines tends to be highest in which month?
Relative humidity in the Philippines tends to be highest in which month?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a way to express atmospheric moisture content?
Which of the following is NOT a way to express atmospheric moisture content?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is NOT considered a significant element of the Philippines' weather and climate?
Which factor is NOT considered a significant element of the Philippines' weather and climate?
Signup and view all the answers
How much of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's surface?
How much of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's surface?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines the atmospheric longwave radiation emitted by the atmosphere?
What determines the atmospheric longwave radiation emitted by the atmosphere?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the wind direction of 90° indicate?
What does the wind direction of 90° indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement correctly describes evaporation?
Which statement correctly describes evaporation?
Signup and view all the answers
How does cloud cover affect temperatures at Earth's surface?
How does cloud cover affect temperatures at Earth's surface?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the wind speed profile resemble as it approaches the surface?
What does the wind speed profile resemble as it approaches the surface?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best defines climate change?
Which of the following best defines climate change?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes the rainy season in the Philippines?
Which statement accurately describes the rainy season in the Philippines?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a wind rose represent?
What does a wind rose represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do clouds play in regulating Earth's temperature?
What role do clouds play in regulating Earth's temperature?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)?
What is the primary characteristic of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately defines the Northeast (NE) monsoon?
Which of the following accurately defines the Northeast (NE) monsoon?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the rate of evaporation?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the rate of evaporation?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do easterly waves typically play in the Philippine climate?
What role do easterly waves typically play in the Philippine climate?
Signup and view all the answers
During which months do tropical cyclones mostly affect the Philippines?
During which months do tropical cyclones mostly affect the Philippines?
Signup and view all the answers
What are fronts, in the context of climate, primarily associated with?
What are fronts, in the context of climate, primarily associated with?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the average number of tropical cyclones entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) based on the data from 1948-2000?
What is the average number of tropical cyclones entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) based on the data from 1948-2000?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following criteria justifies the decommissioning of a tropical cyclone name?
Which of the following criteria justifies the decommissioning of a tropical cyclone name?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Hydrometorology
- Course name: ABEN 55 - Hydrometeorology
- Instructor: Engr. Melrose M. Salona
Daytime Duration Graph (Manila, Philippines 2024)
- Graph displays daily daylight hours for Manila, Philippines in 2024
- Shows variations throughout the year
- March Equinox: 13 hours, 30 minutes of daylight
- Summer Solstice: 13 hours daylight
- September Equinox: 12 hours, 30 minutes of daylight
- Winter Solstice: 11 hours daylight
Global Temperature From the Top Make It Drop
- Volcanic eruptions cause short-term climate change, affecting natural climate variability
- Mt. Pinatubo eruption (June 15, 1991): ejected over one cubic mile of volcanic matter, significant sulfur dioxide release into stratosphere
- Sulfur dioxide became sulfuric acid, creating aerosols that stayed in the stratosphere for years, blocking solar energy and causing global cooling
- Impact: disrupted weather patterns, atmospheric and surface temperatures, and global climate change
Climate in the Philippines
- Topography and location influence climate
- Trade winds
- Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
- Easterly waves
- Monsoon winds
- Fronts
- Tropical cyclones
Philippine Geography and Topography
- Varied geographical and topographic features influence rainfall
- Two seasons: rainy (June-Nov), dry (Dec-May)
- Further categorized as cool dry (Dec-Feb), and hot dry (Mar-May)
Termination of the Northeast Monsoon (Amihan)
- Retreat of High-Pressure Area (Siberia) signals weakening of Amihan
- Strengthening of North Pacific High shifts wind pattern from NE to easterly
- Increased temperature across the country
- Isolated thunderstorms still possible, mostly afternoon/evening
- Public and concerned agencies advised of necessary adjustments
Onset of the Rainy Season
- Scattered rainshowers, thunderstorms, and Typhoon Aghon, along with the Southwest Monsoon (Habagat), signify onset of rainy season in the country
- Increased chance of above-normal rainfall, particularly in the later part of the year
- Occasional breaks in rainfall (monsoon breaks) possible
La Niña Alert
- Cooling of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) across the central and eastern equatorial Pacific (CEEP)
- Increased chance of La Niña in August-September-October 2024, lasting into 2025's first quarter
- Increased convective activity and tropical cyclone occurrence may be expected
- Public and concerned agencies urged to monitor and take precautionary measures
Habagat Season
- Habagat season is officially over.
Termination of the Southwest Monsoon (Habagat)
- Significant weakening of Southwest Monsoon (Habagat) due to weather pattern changes
- Transition to Northeast Monsoon (NE) expected in the coming weeks
Climatic Types (Based on Modified Coronas Classification)
- Classification system for Philippine climates based on rainfall patterns
- Type I: Two distinct rainy and dry seasons
- Type II: No dry season
Weather Elements
- Solar radiation
- Temperature
- Rainfall
- Pressure
- Humidity
- Wind
- Evaporation
- Clouds
- Cloud cover
Radiation Measurement Instruments
- Pyrheliometer: direct solar radiation
- Pyranometer: global solar radiation
- Pyrradiometer: total radiation (shortwave and longwave)
- Pyrgeometer: longwave radiation
- Quantum (PAR) sensor: visible light
Sunshine Duration
- Length of time the ground is exposed to direct solar radiation
- Measured in the absence of solar radiation data/instrument
- Instruments include Campbell-Stokes and Jordan sunshine recorders
Temperature
- Measurement of the amount of kinetic energy in the air, indicated by heat and cold
- Measured using thermometers (e.g., mercury thermometer)
Rainfall
- Important climatic element in the Philippines
- Variability exists based on location and moisture-bearing winds
- Mean annual rainfall ranges from 965 to 4,064 millimeters
- Regions like Baguio, eastern Samar, and eastern Surigao have higher rainfall
Pressure
- Air exerts a force, called atmospheric pressure, on surfaces
- Low pressure usually leads to cloudiness, wind, and precipitation
- High pressure usually leads to fair, calm weather
- Pressure decreases as altitude increases
Humidity
- Measure of water vapor in the air
- High in the Philippines due to high temperatures and surrounding bodies of water
- Average monthly relative humidity varies from 71% in March to 85% in September
- March to May are typically the months with the highest humidity
Wind
- Highly variable in time and space, direction and speed
- Wind speed decreases as it approaches the surface
- Wind speed profile (WS vs height) is logarithmic
Evaporation
- Process of liquid changing into water vapor
- Affected by temperature, wind speed and cloudiness
- Essential for humidity and cloud formation
Clouds
- Found across all atmosphere levels
- Impact weather and climate, precipitation conditions and temperatures at the surface
- Act as atmospheric blanket regulating temperature
- Varying cloud cover affects cooling/warming
Climate Change
- Trend in one or more climate variables, characterized by a continuous increase or decrease in average values
- Primarily due to human activities
Climate Variability
- Variations in climate variables from an average state
- Natural or human-caused
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
