Human Anatomy: Joints Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for bending at the waist to one side?

Lateral rotation

Medial flexion

Lateral extension

Lateral flexion (correct)

What type of movement involves the turning of a structure around its long axis?

Protraction

Elevation

Rotation (correct)

Circumduction

What movement is described as moving a structure superiorly?

Depression

Abduction

Flexion

Elevation (correct)

Which movement describes the action of gliding a structure in an anterior direction?

Protraction Signup and view all the answers

What is dorsiflexion?

Movement of the foot upward towards the shin Signup and view all the answers

What is lateral rotation of the humerus primarily responsible for?

Bringing the hand away from the body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements would be classified as a special movement?

Pronation Signup and view all the answers

Which pairs of movements are classified as angular movements?

Flexion and extension Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hyperextension?

Movement beyond the anatomical position Signup and view all the answers

Which movement involves moving a structure in an inferior direction?

Depression Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of circumduction?

It is a combination of several movements. Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is an example of abduction?

Legs moving away from the midline during a jump Signup and view all the answers

What does flexion specifically accomplish at a joint?

Decreases the angle between articulating bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of extension?

To increase the angle of the joint Signup and view all the answers

Which movement involves bringing fingers back together?

Adduction Signup and view all the answers

Which joints primarily allow for flexion and extension movements?

Hinge joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the joint capsule?

To hold the bones together and allow movement Signup and view all the answers

Which type of arthritis is characterized by gradual degradation of the articular cartilage?

Osteoarthritis Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a saddle joint?

Two saddle-shaped articulating surfaces at right angles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is classified as a hinge joint?

Elbow joint Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for rotational movement within a ring?

Pivot joint Signup and view all the answers

What defines a noninflammatory form of arthritis?

Osteoarthritis Signup and view all the answers

In rheumatoid arthritis, which of the following characteristics is true?

It is an inflammatory connective tissue disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of cartilage in joints?

It does not contain blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint movement occurs primarily at the proximal radioulnar joint?

Pronation/Supination Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is especially strong and supports the body's weight at the hip joint?

Iliofemoral ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the limitation of movement in the elbow joint?

The shape of the trochlear notch Signup and view all the answers

What does the olecranon bursa cover at the elbow joint?

The proximal and posterior surfaces of the olecranon process Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints performs flexion and extension?

Humeroulnar and humeroradial joints Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with inflammation of the olecranon bursa?

Olecranon bursitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure located inside the hip joint that carries a nutrient artery to the femur's head?

Round ligament of the femur Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the knee joint?

A modified hinge joint allowing limited rotation Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is most likely damaged if a knee is hyperextended?

Anterior cruciate ligament Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by tearing of the medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament?

Unhappy triad of injuries Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of a torn meniscus?

Clicking sound during leg extension Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints?

Gout Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of bursitis?

Tight shoes causing irritation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the medial collateral ligament?

To prevent the knee from bending too far laterally Signup and view all the answers

What type of injury involves movement of bones out of their correct alignment at a joint?

Dislocation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of tendinitis?

Inflammation due to overuse Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Joints

Help hold bones together while allowing for movement
Made up of two or more bones
Classified by structure, and type of movement they allow

Joint Classification by Structure

Fibrous: Bones joined by fibrous connective tissue (ex: sutures in the skull)
Cartilaginous: Bones joined by cartilage (ex: intervertebral discs)
Synovial: Free moving joints, with a joint cavity, synovial fluid and articular cartilage

Synovial Joints

Joint Cavity: Space between articulating bones
Articular Cartilage: Covers the ends of bones to reduce friction
Synovial Fluid: Lubricates and nourishes the joint
Joint Capsule: Fibrous capsule that encloses the joint
Ligaments: Bands of connective tissue that help strengthen the joint

Types of Synovial Joints

Plane Joints: Flat or nearly flat surfaces glide over each other. (example: carpal bones in the hand)
Hinge Joints: Uniaxial, allow movement in one plane (example: elbow and knee joints)
Pivot Joints: Uniaxial, allow rotation around a central axis (example: articulation between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna)
Condyloid Joints: Biaxial, allow movement in two planes (example: metacarpophalangeal joints)
Saddle Joints: Biaxial, allow movement in two planes, but have greater range of motion than condyloid joints (example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
Ball-and-Socket Joints: Triaxial, allow movement in all three planes (example: shoulder and hip joints)

Types of Movement in Synovial Joints

Angular movements: Changes in the angle between bones
- Flexion: Decreases the angle between bones
- Extension: Increases the angle between bones
- Hyperextension: Extension beyond the anatomical position
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline
Circular movements: Rotation around an axis
- Rotation: Turning of a structure around its long axis
- Circumduction: Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
Special movements: Unique movements
- Elevation: Movement superiorly
- Depression: Movement inferiorly
- Protraction: Movement anteriorly
- Retraction: Movement posteriorly
- Pronation: Rotation of the forearm, so palm faces posteriorly
- Supination: Rotation of the forearm, so palm faces anteriorly

Specific Joints

Shoulder Joint: Ball-and-socket joint
Elbow Joint: Hinge joint with two types of movement: flexion/extension, and pronation/supination
Hip Joint: Ball-and-socket joint; strong ligaments support it
Knee Joint: Modified hinge joint; complex joint with medial and lateral menisci, cruciate ligaments
Ankle Joint: Hinge joint

Disorders of Joints

Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, causing pain around the joint
Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints
- Osteoarthritis: Noninflammatory, gradual cartilage degradation
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Inflammatory, affects connective tissue (skin, vessels, lungs)
Gout: Increased uric acid crystals in tissues, including joint capsules
Lyme disease: Inflammatory, can affect joints
Bunion: Deformation of the first metatarsal (great toe), can include bursitis
Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendon sheaths, often due to overuse
Dislocation: Movement of bones out of alignment
Sprain: Stretching or tearing of ligaments
Chondromalacia patellae: Softening and degeneration of the cartilage on the underside of the kneecap

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of joints in human anatomy. This quiz covers the classification of joints based on structure, with a special focus on synovial joints and their characteristics. Test your knowledge of different types of joints and their functions.