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Questions and Answers
Which process causes individual digits to form from initially clumped fingers?
Which process causes individual digits to form from initially clumped fingers?
What pathological condition could result from a defect in the process that causes fusion of 2 or more fingers together?
What pathological condition could result from a defect in the process that causes fusion of 2 or more fingers together?
Which type of necrosis results from sudden severe ischemia and maintains the general outline of the affected tissue?
Which type of necrosis results from sudden severe ischemia and maintains the general outline of the affected tissue?
In which instances is liquefactive necrosis characteristically seen?
In which instances is liquefactive necrosis characteristically seen?
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Which type of necrosis results in the conversion of the necrotic area into a cyst filled with necrotic cells?
Which type of necrosis results in the conversion of the necrotic area into a cyst filled with necrotic cells?
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What cellular process causes cell shrinkage?
What cellular process causes cell shrinkage?
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Which type of necrosis results in the loss of fine structural details of the affected tissue and its cells?
Which type of necrosis results in the loss of fine structural details of the affected tissue and its cells?
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Study Notes
Types of Necrosis
- Liquefactive Necrosis: Tissue structure is completely destroyed.
- Coagulative Necrosis: Tissue structure remains intact; common in ischemia.
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Fat Necrosis: Specific to adipose tissue, can result from lipase enzyme action or trauma.
- Enzymatic Fat Necrosis: Associated with acute pancreatitis, caused by gallstones obstructing the ampulla. Fatty acids released bind with calcium to form chalky white calcium soaps.
- Traumatic Fat Necrosis: Induced by physical trauma, such as in the breast; differentiated from cancer by absence of malignant cells.
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Caseous Necrosis: Characterized by the presence of a cheese-like substance resulting from tuberculosis and other infections caused by mycobacteria.
- The body forms a protective barrier around infected cells, leading to caseating granulomas surrounded by giant multinucleated cells.
- Gangrenous Necrosis: Rapid tissue death; indicates severe bacterial infection (wet gangrene) or absence of infection (dry gangrene). Gas gangrene is a specific type caused by H2S release.
- Fibrinoid Necrosis: Occurs due to infections in blood vessels; fibrin infiltrates blood vessel walls, indicative of autoimmune vasculitis.
Irreversible Cell Injury
- Large intestine infection may necessitate a biopsy to assess cell viability.
- Dead tissue displays more red coloration, loss of nucleation, protein denaturation due to acidic pH, and deeper staining (cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia).
- Nuclear changes in dead cells include pyknosis (nuclear indentation), karyolysis (melting), and karyorexis (fragmentation).
- Loss of striations in skeletal and cardiac muscle is indicative of irreversible cell death.
Types of Cell Death
- Necrosis: Pathological and energy-independent cell death; involves widespread inflammation and tissue disruption.
- Apoptosis: Programmed single cell death that requires energy; involves caspase activation and does not cause inflammation.
- Pyronecrosis & Necroptosis: Found in specific inflammatory conditions.
Causes of Cell Injury
- Eight primary factors contribute to cell injury:
- Infection
- Immunity
- Oxygen deprivation
- Chemical exposure
- Physical trauma
- Age
- Genetic factors
- Nutritional deficiencies (considered the most significant).
Apoptosis
- Cells utilize energy and enzymes (caspases) for the programmed death process.
- Activated by signaling pathways, often as a response to viral infections, to prevent spread.
- External mechanism for apoptosis can be initiated through FAS ligand/receptor interaction.
Inflammation and Apoptosis
- Apoptosis does not provoke inflammation because it is a controlled and energy-dependent process, differing from necrosis which causes inflammation and is often detrimental to surrounding tissue.
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Description
This quiz covers the different types of necrosis, including liquefactive and coagulative necrosis, as well as the specific characteristics of fat necrosis in adipose tissue. Topics include enzymatic fat necrosis of acute pancreatitis and the formation of calcium soaps due to cell death.
