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Questions and Answers
What clinical signs are typically observed distal to a complete artery obstruction?
Which of the following is NOT a factor responsible for the development of intravascular coagulum according to Virchow's Triad?
What pathological process involves the lifelong formation of an intravascular coagulum?
What are potential consequences of thrombosis or embolism in blood vessels?
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Which of the following is not a common sign of tissue infarction?
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What is the final effect of embolism on small vessels?
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Which type of embolism occurs in cases of long tubular bone fractures or liposuction?
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What symptom is characterized by the absence of active movement?
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Which type of embolism can result from surgery on the neck or chest?
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What clinical symptom is described as a feeling of tingling?
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Which direction of movement is characteristic of orthograde embolism?
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What is the defining characteristic of ischemia syndrome?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of ischemia syndrome?
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What is the outcome of narrowing an artery due to a pathological process?
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In vasospastic angina, what is the primary factor causing symptoms like tissue fading and cyanosis?
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The development of thrombosis can lead to what serious consequence?
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What happens when embolism occurs in a blood vessel?
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Study Notes
Arterial Obstruction and Thrombosis
- Complete artery obstruction leads to necrosis/tissue infarction in the absence of collateral circulation
- Clinical picture:
- Pallor and cyanosis distal to the narrowing site
- Drop in temperature of the region
- Weakened pulsations
- Reduced tissue volume and turgor
- Pain and atrophic changes
Thrombosis
- Formation of an intravascular coagulum (blood clot)
- Can be arterial or venous, local or disseminated
- Virchow's Triad: three factors contributing to thrombosis
- Damage to the vessel wall
- Increased tendency to clot
- Slow circulation or turbulent blood flow
- Fate of the thrombus:
- Pathological
- In blood vessel lumen
- In blood vessel wall
- Out of the blood vessel, causing compression and vicarious hypertrophy
Embolism
- Transmission of particles by blood or lymphatic circulation, causing vessel blockage
- Types of emboli:
- Thrombus embolism
- Fat embolism
- Air embolism
- Gas embolism
- Bacterial embolism
- Direction of embolus movement:
- Orthograde (with blood/lymph flow)
- Retrograde (against blood/lymph flow)
- Paradox embolism (from venous to arterial circulation)
- Clinical picture:
- Pain
- Pallness
- Pulsness
- Paresthesia
- Paralysis
- Prostration
Ischemia Syndrome (Local Anemia)
- Imbalance between tissue/organ needs and blood supply
- Decreased flow of arterial blood into tissue/organ
- Causes:
- Pathological process in artery lumen (clinically stable angina)
- Pathological process in artery wall or surrounding vessels
- Spasm of smooth muscle layer in artery wall (vasospastic angina)
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Description
Learn about the clinical features of arterial obstruction leading to tissue infarction, including pallor, cyanosis, weakened pulsations, temperature drop, reduced tissue volume, and pain. Understand the differences between thrombosis and embolism in terms of intravascular coagulum formation.
