Types of Intermolecular Interactions
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Questions and Answers

What is the name for a force between two ions with opposite charges?

Ionic interaction

What is the formula for the potential energy (U) between two ions with charges qa and qb, at a distance r?

U(r) = (qa x qb)/r

Which of the following properties are associated with an ionic interaction?

  • Responsible for the cohesion in ionic crystals (correct)
  • Short range
  • Intense force (correct)
  • Long range (correct)

    • What is the formula for the potential energy (U) of an ion-dipole interaction?

    <p>(qxyxcos(Ø))/r²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dipole-dipole interactions become negligible at distances greater than 100 Angstroms.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a solid, liquid, and gas based on their intermolecular distances?

    <p>In solids, the intermolecular distances are very small. In liquids, the intermolecular distances are slightly larger than in solids. In gases, the intermolecular distances are much larger than in solids or liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a mixture with only one visible phase?

    <p>A homogeneous mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a mixture where the components are visible and can be separated by a physical process?

    <p>A heterogeneous mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to separate a heterogeneous mixture based on density differences?

    <p>Decantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to separate solid particles from a mixture using a filter?

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two types of solutions based on the size of the dissolved molecules?

    <p>Macromolecular solutions and colloidal solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a neutral solution.

    <p>A neutral solution does not conduct electricity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an electrolytic solution?

    <p>An electrolytic solution contains ions and conducts electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are examples of strong electrolytes?

    <p>HCl (hydrochloric acid) (A), NaCl (sodium chloride) (C), KOH (potassium hydroxide) (D), NaOH (sodium hydroxide) (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a weak electrolyte.

    <p>A weak electrolyte partially dissociates into ions when dissolved in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition must be met for a solution to be considered an ideal solution?

    <p>The interactions between solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent must have the same intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a saturated solution?

    <p>A saturated solution is a solution where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concentrated solution?

    <p>A concentrated solution has a high concentration of solute in a given amount of solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dilute solution?

    <p>A dilute solution has a low concentration of solute in a given amount of solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used for diluting solutions?

    <p>C1V1 = C2V2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of movement of molecules in liquids?

    <p>Diffusion, migration, and convection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of molecules due to the difference in concentration?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of molecules due to an external force like an electric field?

    <p>Migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of molecules due to the bulk movement of the liquid?

    <p>Convection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the diffusion coefficient of a solute in a solvent?

    <p>D=KT/f</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusion in gels is similar to diffusion in liquids due to their high water content.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusion in solids is faster than in liquids.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the movement of small molecules across a semipermeable membrane?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the movement of fluids under pressure across a membrane?

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a permeable membrane and a selective membrane?

    <p>A permeable membrane allows all molecules to pass through, while a selective membrane only allows specific types of molecules to pass through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a semipermeable membrane?

    <p>A semipermeable membrane is a membrane that allows some molecules to pass through while blocking others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ideal semipermeable membrane?

    <p>An ideal semipermeable membrane is a membrane that only allows the solvent to pass through and blocks all solutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osmosis?

    <p>Osmosis is the net movement of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a membrane that is semipermeable and one that is hemipermeable?

    <p>A semipermeable membrane allows certain molecules to pass through, while a hemipermeable membrane is specific to the passage of only water molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a dialysis membrane?

    <p>A dialysis membrane is specifically designed for the removal of waste products from the blood, often used in kidney dialysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the colligative properties of solutions?

    <p>Colligative properties are properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles in a solution, not on the specific type of solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Raoult's Law?

    <p>Raoult's Law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a non-volatile solute on the vapor pressure of a solution?

    <p>A non-volatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a non-volatile solute on the boiling point of a solution?

    <p>A non-volatile solute raises the boiling point of a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Intermolecular Interactions

    • Ion-ion interaction: A strong interaction between charged ions (cations and anions). The energy U(r) is inversely proportional to the distance r between the ions (U(r)=(qa x qb)/r). This interaction is significant in ionic crystals and strong electrolytes in solution.

    • Ion-dipole interaction: Weaker than ion-ion, It's an interaction between an ion and a polar molecule (dipole). The energy U depends on the amount of charge (q), the dipole moment (µ), and the angle between the dipole and the electric field of the ion (Uion dipole = (qxyxcos(Ø))/r²). The interaction is crucial for hydration of ions in solution, where water molecules (dipoles) surround and stabilize ions.

    • Dipole-dipole interaction: Attraction between two polar molecules. The strength of this interaction is proportional to the product of their dipole moments (A/r^6 where A is a constant dependent on the types of molecules. and r is the distance between them). This interaction gets weaker as the distance between the molecules gets larger.

      • Weak interaction when molecules are far apart (r is greater than 100 angstroms)

    State of Matter

    • Solid: Molecules are tightly packed, with a fixed volume and shape. The distance between molecules (r) is less than RO.

    • Liquid: Molecules are close together but move freely, having a fixed volume but variable shape. r is slightly less than RO

    • Gas: Molecules are widely dispersed and move randomly, with no fixed volume or shape. r is greater than RO

    Solutions

    • Homogeneous solutions: A mixture where the components are uniformly distributed at a molecular level and visible as a single phase.

    • Heterogeneous solutions: A mixture where the components are not uniformly distributed, and different phases are distinct

    • Types of solutions: Solutions are classified based on the size of the particles they contain

      • Solution macromoleculaire: Contains large molecules.
      • Colloids: Contains intermediate-sized particles

    • Solutions classified by conductivity:

      • Neutral solution: No charge carriers and do not conduct electricity.
      • Electrolyte solution: Contain ions that conduct electricity.
        • Strong electrolytes: Completely dissociate into ions in solution. (e.g., NaCl, KOH)
        • Weak electrolytes: Only partially dissociate into ions in solution.

    • Ideal solutions: Solutions where solute-solute, solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions are of similar strength. Dilute solutions are ideal solutions.

    • Saturated solution: A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature. If more solute is added, it will precipitate.

    • Unsaturated solution: A solution that contains less solute than the maximum amount that can dissolve at a given temperature.

    Rates of Transport in Solutions:

    • Diffusion: The net movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration to achieve equilibrium.

    • Filtration: the separation of components in mixtures based on differences in particle size.

    • Migration: The movement of particles in solution driven by an external force such as an electric field.

    • Convection: The bulk movement of a fluid due to differences in temperature or density.

    • Osmosis: The movement of solvent across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher solvent concentration to a region of lower solvent concentration.

      • Osmosis and diffusion move according to concentration.
      • Filtration is driven by pressure differences.

    • Diffusion in gels and tissue: The diffusion of solutes or other substances through gels or tissues, often influenced by the high water content in these materials.

    • Membrane types

      • Permeable membrane: Allows both solvent and solute to pass through.
      • Selective membrane: Allows some substances to pass through but not others.
      • Semipermeable membrane: Allows only solvent to pass through, not solutes.
      • Perfectly semipermeable membrane Allows mainly water to pass, not solutes.

    Colligative Properties

    • Colligative properties: Properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of solute particles but not on their identity.
    • First Law of Raoult: Relates to the vapor pressure of a solution. The vapor pressure of a solution is lower than the vapor pressure of a pure solvent.
    • Second Law of Raoult: Relates to the boiling point of a solution. The boiling point of a solution is higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent.
    • Third Law of Raoult: Relates to the freezing point of a solution. The freezing point of a solution is lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent.

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    Description

    Explore the various types of intermolecular interactions, including ion-ion, ion-dipole, and dipole-dipole interactions. Understand their significance in solutions and the role they play in stabilizing ions and molecules. This quiz delves into the fundamental concepts that govern these interactions.

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