Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following describes an iatrogenic infection?
Which of the following describes an iatrogenic infection?
What is a nosocomial infection?
What is a nosocomial infection?
What is a possible example of an iatrogenic infection?
What is a possible example of an iatrogenic infection?
Which of the following is NOT a necessary element for the transmission of an infection?
Which of the following is NOT a necessary element for the transmission of an infection?
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Which of the following best describes a nosocomial infection?
Which of the following best describes a nosocomial infection?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for diseases spread via the airborne route?
What is the primary mode of transmission for diseases spread via the airborne route?
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Which of these diseases is NOT spread via the airborne route?
Which of these diseases is NOT spread via the airborne route?
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What is the main difference between direct and indirect contact transmission?
What is the main difference between direct and indirect contact transmission?
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What is the definition of colonization in the context of infectious diseases?
What is the definition of colonization in the context of infectious diseases?
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Which of these diseases is NOT spread via the droplet route?
Which of these diseases is NOT spread via the droplet route?
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What is the term for contaminated objects that can spread infections?
What is the term for contaminated objects that can spread infections?
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Which of these isolation precautions would be most appropriate for a patient with influenza?
Which of these isolation precautions would be most appropriate for a patient with influenza?
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What should you do after a 3 way repeat back to ensure accurate communication?
What should you do after a 3 way repeat back to ensure accurate communication?
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When is it essential to ask clarifying questions?
When is it essential to ask clarifying questions?
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What does the 'S' in SBAR stand for?
What does the 'S' in SBAR stand for?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of SBAR?
Which of the following is NOT a component of SBAR?
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What should be recorded in written documentation after an encounter?
What should be recorded in written documentation after an encounter?
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How should key words be clarified during communication?
How should key words be clarified during communication?
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What does the 'A' in SBAR represent?
What does the 'A' in SBAR represent?
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What is a crucial step to take after documenting patient information?
What is a crucial step to take after documenting patient information?
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What is the main goal of infection control in healthcare settings?
What is the main goal of infection control in healthcare settings?
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What percentage of infections from exposure to healthcare facilities are preventable?
What percentage of infections from exposure to healthcare facilities are preventable?
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Which of the following is a key component of routine infection control practices?
Which of the following is a key component of routine infection control practices?
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What type of precautions are taken in addition to routine practices when a patient is suspected of having a contagious disease?
What type of precautions are taken in addition to routine practices when a patient is suspected of having a contagious disease?
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Which of the following scenarios requires contact precautions?
Which of the following scenarios requires contact precautions?
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What is one requirement of airborne precautions?
What is one requirement of airborne precautions?
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What should healthcare workers assess before interacting with a patient?
What should healthcare workers assess before interacting with a patient?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a routine practice for infection control?
Which of the following is NOT considered a routine practice for infection control?
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What equipment is typically dedicated to patients under additional precautions?
What equipment is typically dedicated to patients under additional precautions?
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What action is advised when managing a patient with a droplet infection?
What action is advised when managing a patient with a droplet infection?
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Which vein is least painful to cannulate and least likely to bruise?
Which vein is least painful to cannulate and least likely to bruise?
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What is a primary characteristic of the basilic vein?
What is a primary characteristic of the basilic vein?
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Which area should be avoided when selecting a vein for cannulation?
Which area should be avoided when selecting a vein for cannulation?
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What is the appropriate gauge size for a standard venipuncture procedure?
What is the appropriate gauge size for a standard venipuncture procedure?
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What should be done if there is a surgical scar over a dilated, pulsatile vessel?
What should be done if there is a surgical scar over a dilated, pulsatile vessel?
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Where should the tourniquet be placed in relation to the injection site?
Where should the tourniquet be placed in relation to the injection site?
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Which of the following veins would be considered unsuitable for venipuncture?
Which of the following veins would be considered unsuitable for venipuncture?
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Selecting which type of veins is not advisable due to small lumen size and high risk of pain?
Selecting which type of veins is not advisable due to small lumen size and high risk of pain?
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What should be done in case of rolling veins during venipuncture?
What should be done in case of rolling veins during venipuncture?
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What is an AV fistula recognized by?
What is an AV fistula recognized by?
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Which of the following scenarios requires immediate first-aid management for exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
Which of the following scenarios requires immediate first-aid management for exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
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Which of the following is NOT a step included in the recommended handwashing technique?
Which of the following is NOT a step included in the recommended handwashing technique?
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What is the primary advantage of pre-exposure vaccinations for Hepatitis B compared to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)?
What is the primary advantage of pre-exposure vaccinations for Hepatitis B compared to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)?
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Which of the following is a correct step in donning full personal protective equipment (PPE)?
Which of the following is a correct step in donning full personal protective equipment (PPE)?
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Which of the following statements about alcohol-based hand rubs (hand sanitizers) is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about alcohol-based hand rubs (hand sanitizers) is TRUE?
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According to the content, which of the following is a key step in managing exposure to bloodborne pathogens after an incident?
According to the content, which of the following is a key step in managing exposure to bloodborne pathogens after an incident?
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Which of the following describes the fourth moment of hand hygiene, as outlined in the content?
Which of the following describes the fourth moment of hand hygiene, as outlined in the content?
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What is the main reason for flushing the area with water, soap, or saline after exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
What is the main reason for flushing the area with water, soap, or saline after exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
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Study Notes
Types of Infection
- Nosocomial infections: Acquired in healthcare facilities after admission, typically within 48 hours or later. Examples include UTIs, bacteremia, and skin infections.
- Iatrogenic infections: Acquired during a medical or surgical procedure, regardless of hospitalization status. Examples include post-procedure infections when handwashing protocols are not followed.
Elements Needed for Infection Transmission
- Infectious agent: Pathogenic microorganism.
- Reservoir: Source of the infectious agent (e.g., a patient).
- Environment: Suitable conditions for microbial growth and multiplication.
- Portal of exit: Route by which the agent leaves the reservoir (e.g., secretions).
- Transmission: Method of transfer (e.g., airborne, droplet).
- Portal of entry: Route by which the agent enters a new host (e.g., respiratory tract).
Types of Infection Isolations
- Airborne: Transmission via evaporated droplets or dust particles that can spread through the air. Diseases such as smallpox and chickenpox are spread in this way.
- Droplet: Transmission via droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Examples are influenza and diphtheria.
- Contact: Direct or indirect contact with infected/colonized individuals or surfaces. Examples include contaminated objects and close contact with an infected person.
Colonization
- Colonization: Microorganisms present on the skin or body surface without causing symptoms of disease.
Infection Control
- Goal: Prevent infections in patients and staff through infection control techniques.
- Importance: Up to 50% of infections can originate from exposure to healthcare facilities.
- Techniques: Proper handwashing, aseptic technique, and controlling the environment.
Routine Practices
- Infection prevention and control practices to prevent transmission of microorganisms to all patients.
- Includes standardized procedures and personal protective equipment (PPE).
Additional Precautions
- Used in addition to routine practices for patients with suspected colonization or known diseases.
- Examples include procedures and accommodations for diseases like Tuberculosis.
- Includes specialized accommodation and signage.
Precautions (Additional Measures)
- PPE: Personal protective equipment to prevent the spread of infectious diseases like influenza.
- Dedicated equipment and additional cleaning measures: to disinfect surfaces and minimize contamination.
- Negative pressure rooms: Prevent the spread of airborne pathogens.
- Limited transport: For patients with infectious diseases to contain the spread of disease.
- Communication: Importance of clear communication in conveying information regarding infection control and patient care.
Point of Care Risk Assessments (PCRAs)
- Routine practice by healthcare workers that assesses likelihood of exposure to infectious agents.
- Includes the identification of hazards, patient status, task type and location.
- Important to ensure safety.
Management of Exposures/Contamination
- Accidental exposure to body fluids requires immediate action to prevent contamination.
First-Aid Management for Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens
- First-aid measures to be followed in case of exposure to blood or bodily fluids for proper medical interventions.
Handwashing Techniques
- Handwashing steps for proper hygiene in the presence of infectious diseases.
Sterile Techniques
- Aseptic practices: Procedures to maintain sterility of equipment and the work environment to eliminate the spread of infectious material and infections.
- Medical vs surgical asepsis: Differences in methods to maintain sterility for different settings.
- Surgical asepsis: Practices used in invasive procedures.
Communication Techniques
- Three-way repeat back: Method for clarifying communication of critical patient information to ensure accuracy and understanding in high-risk situations.
- SBAR: Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation for effective communication on critical information to ensure appropriate care for a patient.
Written Documentation
- Documentation format specifications for patient care records in a precise format.
- Requires clear, legible, and accurate records, specifying the details of the situation and the care provided.
Drug Administration Considerations
- All drugs are potentially harmful.
- Always adhere to the five rights of medication administration (patient, drug, dosage, route, time) to prevent errors.
Routes of Drug Administration
- Routes: Enteral, parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous.
- Subtypes: Oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, etc.
Intravenous Preparation
- Right drug, right amount, right route, right time, right person: Key elements of proper medication administration to prevent medication errors.
Intravenous (IV) Considerations
- Safe flow rate.
- Monitoring for complications in order to determine if there is an issue with a patient.
- Importance of proper care of the patient during procedures.
Selection of equipment for IV drugs
- Considerations about different sizes of drugs and equipment, for correct dosages.
Injection sites for IV insertion
- Selecting appropriate sites for IV insertion and considerations related to avoiding areas with potential complications.
- Proper technique for insertion of devices into a patient.
Removal of IVs
- Proper procedure for the removal of IVs and importance of infection control measures during the procedure.
- Follow steps for removing intravenous devices such as tapes and dressings while taking appropriate precautions.
Venipuncture Complications and Considerations
- Potential complications during venipuncture, including vessel injury, blood clots, and risks associated with the procedure itself.
Unique Considerations for Patients
- Vein selection and procedure-specific considerations for various patient populations e.g., elderly, children, patients with health concerns, and obese patients.
- Importance of understanding and addressing the unique needs and concerns of diverse patients to provide optimal care.
Contrast Media
- Contrast media is a substance used to highlight internal structures in radiological procedures.
- Contrast agents come in various forms, including barium and iodine-based agents.
- Important to be aware of potential reactions.
Risk Factors for Adverse Reactions to Contrast IV
- Identifying and mitigating risk factors to prevent adverse reactions to contrast agents, including allergies, renal issues, cardiac conditions, anxiety, and other factors that compromise the patient's overall health.
Adult Pre-medication Protocols
- Types of protocols, duration, and circumstances.
- Importance of a thorough pre-procedure assessment and the importance of proper steps for preparation.
Patient Interview Process
- Interview protocol, patient information gathering, prior knowledge and experience, and detailed considerations for a patient's overall well-being and needs.
- Patient history and factors used to assess patient's state of health prior to procedures.
Patient Population Considerations
- Diverse patient population characteristics and considerations required for administering medications and venipuncture procedures.
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Description
This quiz explores various types of infections, including nosocomial and iatrogenic infections. It also covers the essential elements required for infection transmission and different isolation methods. Test your knowledge on how infections are transmitted and the conditions that facilitate their spread.
