Types of History and Historical Writing

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Questions and Answers

What are the different types of history according to Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel?

Social History, Political History, Economic History

Monumental History, Antiquarian History, Critical History

Original History, Reflective History, Pragmatic History, Critical History, Fragmentary History (correct)

Oral History, Written History, Visual History

According to Friedrich Nietzsche, what type of history focuses on the great deeds of individuals and cultures?

Critical History

Social History

Monumental History (correct)

Antiquarian History

What are considered primary sources in historical research?

Documents, Physical objects, Oral and video accounts made by actual witnesses at the time of the event (correct)

Historical documentaries produced long after the events

History textbooks used in schools

Books about history written by historians

Why do historians sometimes face challenges with primary sources in foreign languages?

Difficulty in accurately translating the texts Signup and view all the answers

Which book, edited by Emma Blair and James Robertson, is mentioned as an example in the text regarding translations of historical documents?

The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges historians face when dealing with primary sources beyond language barriers?

Discerning the cultural context and historical value of the sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of primary sources?

To give facts Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes secondary sources from primary sources?

Secondary sources provide valuable interpretations of historical events Signup and view all the answers

Which type of criticism deals with the reliability and credibility of the contents of historical texts?

Internal criticism Signup and view all the answers

What does internal criticism in historical texts focus on?

Assessing the reliability and credibility of the contents Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used in historical criticism to examine signatures, letterheads, or watermarks for authenticity?

Sigillography Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main concerns of external criticism?

Questioning the authenticity of the historical source Signup and view all the answers

Who challenged the American Historiography that aimed to pacify the Philippines through education?

Jose Rizal Signup and view all the answers

Which historical figure is known for aiming to liberate Filipinos from their 'barbaric' lifeways?

Jose Rizal Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following is considered an authority in Philippine history according to the text?

Blair and Robertson Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for their work on the reconstruction of Philippine History using foreign documentary sources and interdisciplinary findings?

Teodoro Agoncillo Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a Philippine Historiographer during the American Period?

Antonio Morga Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following is a Contemporary Philippine Historiographer mentioned in the text?

Xiao Chua Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Historical Sources

Primary Sources: provide facts, e.g. documents, physical objects, oral and video accounts made at the present time and place being described.
Secondary Sources: provide valuable interpretations of historical events, e.g. compiled by historians based on primary sources.
Tertiary Sources: compile both primary and secondary sources, e.g. almanacs.

Historical Criticisms

Historical criticism: examination of historical texts for their reliability, underlying meanings, and importance.
Two types of historical criticism: internal and external criticism.
External Criticism: concerns and questions about the authenticity of the historical source.
Internal Criticism: deals with the reliability and credibility of the contents, and the relevance/importance of the information given by the document.

Test of Authenticity

Examining the material for anachronisms, e.g. paper was rare in Europe before 15th century, pencils did not exist before 16th century, typewriting was not invented until 19th century.
Identifying the handwriting, signatures, seal, letterhead, or watermark by comparing with another authentic specimen through paleography, sigillography, and diplomatics.

Locating Primary Sources

National libraries and archives, e.g. The National Library and The National Archives of the Philippines.
Academic institutions, e.g. UP Main Library, Ateneo de Manila’s Rizal Library, USC Cebuano Studies Center.
Archives outside the Philippines and online Filipiniana collections.

Philippine Historiography

Reconstruction of Philippine History considers foreign documentary sources and cross-disciplinary findings in anthropology, geography, and other related fields in social sciences.
Colonial History: Spanish and American period, with different perspectives and biases.
Philippine Historiographers: notable historians and their contributions to Philippine history, e.g. Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena, Bonifacio, Jacinto, Aguinaldo, Mabini, Paterno, Palma, Tavera, de los Santos, Kalaw, and others.

Characterization of Philippine Historiography

1. Historiography: the practice of historical writing, including archaeology and geography.
Types of history according to Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche, e.g. original, reflective, universal, pragmatic, critical, monumental, antiquarian, and philosophy of history.

Sources of History

Challenges with primary sources: ability of historians to read and understand texts in foreign languages, and discerning the cultural context and historical value of primary sources.
Importance of reading primary sources in their original language, and the limitations of relying on translations.

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Description

Test your knowledge on different types of history and the practice of historical writing, from original to critical history. Learn about modern historical writing which includes archaeology and geography. Explore the philosophy of history and sources of history.