Types of Carbohydrates
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe a carbon atom that has four different groups bonded to it?

  • Chiral carbon (correct)
  • Ketose carbon
  • Aldose carbon
  • Hexose carbon

    • What is the molecular formula of glucose?

  • C5H10O5
  • C6H12O6 (correct)
  • C4H8O4
  • C3H6O3

    • What is the term used to describe a pair of nonsuperimposable mirror images?

  • Anomers
  • Enantiomers (correct)
  • Isomers
  • Diastereomers

    • What is the name of the projection formula used to represent bonds in a Fischer projection?

    <p>Fischer projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the D and L isomers of glyceraldehyde?

    <p>Enantiomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cyclic form of glucose?

    <p>Hemiacetal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the terms 'α' and 'β' in the context of glucose?

    <p>They refer to the anomers of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a sugar with five carbon atoms?

    <p>Pentose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a sugar with six carbon atoms?

    <p>Hexose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the simplest carbohydrate that exhibits chirality?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major energy source for the body?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of daily calories does the USDA recommend come from carbohydrates?

    <p>45-65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bond that links two monosaccharides together?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic formula for monosaccharides?

    <p>(CH2O)n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carbon atoms can a monosaccharide backbone have?

    <p>3-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a single sugar molecule?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a complex carbohydrate?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much energy is produced from one gram of digested carbohydrate?

    <p>4 kcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for chains of linked monosaccharide units?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sweetest sugar?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is the principal sugar found in mammalian milk?

    <p>Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

    <p>The absence of an –OH group on C-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reaction between Benedict's reagent and an aldose?

    <p>A red-orange precipitate forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disaccharide formed by linking two D-glucose molecules?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic disease that results from the absence of enzymes necessary to convert galactose to a phosphorylated glucose molecule?

    <p>Galactosemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the polysaccharide composed of α-linked glucose found in plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major structural polymer in plants?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the repeating disaccharide of cellulose?

    <p>β-Cellobiose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can ruminants (e.g., cows) eat grass?

    <p>The bacteria in their gut can digest cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy produced from one gram of digested carbohydrate?

    <p>4 kcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the backbone of a monosaccharide composed of?

    <p>Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a polysaccharide composed of α-linked glucose found in plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of daily calories recommended by the USDA to come from carbohydrates?

    <p>45-65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a single sugar molecule?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to sugars with six carbon atoms?

    <p>Hexose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond that links two monosaccharides together?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the chirality of a molecule like glyceraldehyde?

    <p>A carbon atom with four different groups bonded to it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term given to the cyclic form of glucose?

    <p>Anomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for chains of linked monosaccharide units?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of insulin and glucagon in the human body?

    <p>To regulate glucose concentration in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of carbon atoms in the backbone of a monosaccharide?

    <p>3-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula of glucose?

    <p>C6H12O6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of carbohydrate found in mammalian milk?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term given to the bond that links two monosaccharides together?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the simplest carbohydrate that exhibits chirality?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the D and L isomers of glyceraldehyde?

    <p>Enantiomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a sugar with five carbon atoms?

    <p>Pentose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a carbon atom that has four different groups bonded to it?

    <p>Chiral carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond formed when an anomeric -OH group reacts with another -OH group on an alcohol or sugar?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reducing sugar?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the reagent used to test for reducing sugars?

    <p>Benedict's reagent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which lactose is broken down into glucose and galactose?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a heteropolysaccharide?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease resulting from the inability to convert galactose to a phosphorylated glucose molecule?

    <p>Galactosemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of sugar?

    <p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which monosaccharides are linked together?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of amylose?

    <p>Linear, with 1,4 glycosidic linkages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the carbohydrates found in plant cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of glucose in the body?

    <p>To act as a source of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general term for carbohydrates composed of three to seven carbon atoms?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bond that links two monosaccharides together?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of daily calories does the USDA recommend come from carbohydrates?

    <p>45-65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for carbohydrates composed of multiple linked monosaccharides?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic formula for monosaccharides?

    <p>(CH2O)n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a single sugar molecule?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy produced from one gram of digested carbohydrate?

    <p>4 kcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for carbohydrates that are best for the diet?

    <p>Complex carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of carbohydrate that has six carbon atoms in its main skeleton?

    <p>Hexose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a carbon atom with four different groups bonded to it?

    <p>Chiral carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the simplest carbohydrate that has a chiral carbon and exists as a pair of enantiomers?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the two isomers of glucose differ from each other?

    <p>They have different locations of the –OH on the hemiacetal carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the projection formula used to represent bonds in a Fischer projection?

    <p>Fischer projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which glucose is regulated in the blood?

    <p>Insulin and glucagon regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a molecule that has nonsuperimposable mirror images?

    <p>Enantiomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of carbohydrate that has five carbon atoms in its main skeleton?

    <p>Pentose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bond that forms between two monosaccharides?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cyclic form of glucose?

    <p>Cyclic hemiacetal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the reaction between Benedict's reagent and an aldose?

    <p>To oxidize the aldehyde group of aldoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar can isomerize to form an aldose via an enediol reaction?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the linkage between the two glucose molecules in maltose?

    <p>α-1,4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lactase in the human body?

    <p>To break down lactose into glucose and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

    <p>The absence of an –OH group on C-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a polymer of monosaccharides?

    <p>Polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is commonly found in honey and corn syrup?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose?

    <p>Glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the anomeric -OH group in disaccharides?

    <p>It can react with another -OH group on an alcohol or sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is lactose intolerance a problem?

    <p>Because the enzyme lactase is necessary to break down lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are synthesized by photosynthesis in plants
    • Examples: grains, cereals, bread, sugar cane
    • Glucose is a major energy source, providing about 4 kcal of energy per gram

    Monosaccharides

    • Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules, also called simple sugars
    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the basic formula (CH2O)n, where n is an integer between 3 and 7
    • Examples: glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), and galactose
    • Classified based on functional groups and number of carbon atoms in the main skeleton
      • Ketone carbonyl: ketose
      • Aldehyde carbonyl: aldose
      • Number of carbon atoms:
        • 3 carbons: triose
        • 4 carbons: tetrose
        • 5 carbons: pentose
        • 6 carbons: hexose

    Enantiomers and Chirality

    • Enantiomers: nonsuperimposable mirror images
    • Chirality: a carbon atom with four different groups bonded to it is called a chiral carbon atom
    • Any molecule containing a chiral carbon can exist as a pair of enantiomers
    • Chirality in glyceraldehyde is conveyed by a chiral carbon
    • Larger biological molecules often have more than one chiral carbon

    Biological Monosaccharides

    • Glucose is the most important sugar in the human body
    • Found in many foods, with common names including dextrose and blood sugar
    • Concentration in the blood is regulated by insulin and glucagon
    • Exists in a cyclic hemiacetal form under physiological conditions
    • Two isomers are formed, differing in the location of the -OH on the acetal carbon, C-1
    • An aldohexose with molecular formula C6H12O6
    • Cyclic form is shown as a Haworth projection

    Disaccharides

    • Examples: sucrose, lactose, and maltose
    • Formed by linking two monosaccharides together
    • Linkage is called a glycosidic bond
    • Water is lost to form an acetal

    Polysaccharides

    • Examples: starch, glycogen, and cellulose
    • Chains of linked monosaccharide units
    • Homopolysaccharides: composed of one type of monosaccharide
    • Heteropolysaccharides: made up of two or more different monosaccharides

    Starch

    • Storage polymers of α-linked glucose found in plants
    • If the links are only 1,4 links, the polymer is linear = amylose
    • Comprises about 80% of plant starch
    • Both 1,4 and 1,6 links = amylopectin, highly branched with branches of approximately 20-25 glucose units

    Glycogen

    • The major glucose storage carbohydrate in animals
    • A highly branched chain polymer like amylopectin
    • More frequent branching – 10 monomers
    • Stored in liver and muscle cells

    Cellulose

    • The major structural polymer in plants

    • A linear homopolymer composed of β-D-glucose units linked β-1,4

    • The repeating disaccharide of cellulose is β-cellobiose

    • Animals lack the enzymes necessary to hydrolyze cellulose### Sugars

    • Fructose is also known as levulose or fruit sugar, and is found in honey, corn syrup, and fruits.

    • Fructose is the sweetest sugar and is a ketohexose.

    • Galactose is the principal sugar found in mammalian milk, and is an aldoheptose very similar to glucose.

    Structure of Sugars

    • Glucose and galactose differ only in the orientation of one hydroxyl group.
    • Ribose is a five-carbon sugar and is an aldopentose, found in many biologically important molecules.
    • Deoxyribose is similar to ribose, but lacks a hydroxyl group on C-2.

    Benedict's Reagent

    • Benedict's reagent is an alkaline Cu2+ solution that oxidizes the aldehyde groups of aldoses.
    • The reaction causes the blue color of the reagent to fade, and a red-orange precipitate forms as Cu2O.

    Reducing Sugars

    • All monosaccharides and disaccharides except sucrose are reducing sugars.
    • Ketoses can isomerize to aldoses via an enediol reaction.

    Biologically Important Disaccharides

    • Maltose is formed by linking two D-glucose molecules to give a 1,4 glycosidic linkage.
    • Lactose is formed by joining β-D-galactose to D-glucose to give a β-1,4-glycoside.
    • Sucrose is formed by linking α-D-glucose with β-D-fructose to give a 1,2 glycosidic linkage.

    Polysaccharides

    • Homopolysaccharides are composed of one type of monosaccharide, while heteropolysaccharides are made up of two or more different monosaccharides.
    • Starch is a storage polymer of α-linked glucose found in plants, and can be linear (amylose) or branched (amylopectin).
    • Glycogen is a highly branched chain polymer similar to amylopectin, and is the major glucose storage carbohydrate in animals.
    • Cellulose is a linear homopolymer composed of β-D-glucose units linked β-1,4, and is the major structural polymer in plants.

    Glycogen and Amylopectin Structures

    • Glycogen and amylopectin are α(1-4) chains with α(1-6) branches.

    Cellulose

    • The repeating disaccharide of cellulose is β-cellobiose.
    • Animals lack the enzymes necessary to hydrolyze cellulose, but the bacteria in ruminants can digest cellulose.

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    Test your knowledge of carbohydrates, including their synthesis, types, and importance in our diet. Learn about monosaccharides, disaccharides, and daily calorie recommendations.

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