Types of Carbohydrates
90 Questions
8 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe a carbon atom that has four different groups bonded to it?

  • Chiral carbon (correct)
  • Ketose carbon
  • Aldose carbon
  • Hexose carbon

    • What is the molecular formula of glucose?

  • C5H10O5
  • C6H12O6 (correct)
  • C4H8O4
  • C3H6O3

    • What is the term used to describe a pair of nonsuperimposable mirror images?

  • Anomers
  • Enantiomers (correct)
  • Isomers
  • Diastereomers

    • What is the name of the projection formula used to represent bonds in a Fischer projection?

    <p>Fischer projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the D and L isomers of glyceraldehyde?

    <p>Enantiomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cyclic form of glucose?

    <p>Hemiacetal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the terms 'α' and 'β' in the context of glucose?

    <p>They refer to the anomers of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a sugar with five carbon atoms?

    <p>Pentose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a sugar with six carbon atoms?

    <p>Hexose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the simplest carbohydrate that exhibits chirality?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major energy source for the body?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of daily calories does the USDA recommend come from carbohydrates?

    <p>45-65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bond that links two monosaccharides together?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic formula for monosaccharides?

    <p>(CH2O)n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carbon atoms can a monosaccharide backbone have?

    <p>3-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a single sugar molecule?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a complex carbohydrate?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much energy is produced from one gram of digested carbohydrate?

    <p>4 kcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for chains of linked monosaccharide units?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sweetest sugar?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is the principal sugar found in mammalian milk?

    <p>Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

    <p>The absence of an –OH group on C-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reaction between Benedict's reagent and an aldose?

    <p>A red-orange precipitate forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disaccharide formed by linking two D-glucose molecules?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic disease that results from the absence of enzymes necessary to convert galactose to a phosphorylated glucose molecule?

    <p>Galactosemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the polysaccharide composed of α-linked glucose found in plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major structural polymer in plants?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the repeating disaccharide of cellulose?

    <p>β-Cellobiose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can ruminants (e.g., cows) eat grass?

    <p>The bacteria in their gut can digest cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy produced from one gram of digested carbohydrate?

    <p>4 kcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the backbone of a monosaccharide composed of?

    <p>Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a polysaccharide composed of α-linked glucose found in plants?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of daily calories recommended by the USDA to come from carbohydrates?

    <p>45-65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a single sugar molecule?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to sugars with six carbon atoms?

    <p>Hexose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond that links two monosaccharides together?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the chirality of a molecule like glyceraldehyde?

    <p>A carbon atom with four different groups bonded to it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term given to the cyclic form of glucose?

    <p>Anomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for chains of linked monosaccharide units?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of insulin and glucagon in the human body?

    <p>To regulate glucose concentration in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of carbon atoms in the backbone of a monosaccharide?

    <p>3-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula of glucose?

    <p>C6H12O6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of carbohydrate found in mammalian milk?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term given to the bond that links two monosaccharides together?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the simplest carbohydrate that exhibits chirality?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the D and L isomers of glyceraldehyde?

    <p>Enantiomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a sugar with five carbon atoms?

    <p>Pentose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a carbon atom that has four different groups bonded to it?

    <p>Chiral carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond formed when an anomeric -OH group reacts with another -OH group on an alcohol or sugar?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reducing sugar?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the reagent used to test for reducing sugars?

    <p>Benedict's reagent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which lactose is broken down into glucose and galactose?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a heteropolysaccharide?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease resulting from the inability to convert galactose to a phosphorylated glucose molecule?

    <p>Galactosemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of sugar?

    <p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which monosaccharides are linked together?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of amylose?

    <p>Linear, with 1,4 glycosidic linkages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the carbohydrates found in plant cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of glucose in the body?

    <p>To act as a source of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general term for carbohydrates composed of three to seven carbon atoms?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bond that links two monosaccharides together?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of daily calories does the USDA recommend come from carbohydrates?

    <p>45-65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for carbohydrates composed of multiple linked monosaccharides?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic formula for monosaccharides?

    <p>(CH2O)n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a single sugar molecule?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy produced from one gram of digested carbohydrate?

    <p>4 kcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for carbohydrates that are best for the diet?

    <p>Complex carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of carbohydrate that has six carbon atoms in its main skeleton?

    <p>Hexose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a carbon atom with four different groups bonded to it?

    <p>Chiral carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the simplest carbohydrate that has a chiral carbon and exists as a pair of enantiomers?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the two isomers of glucose differ from each other?

    <p>They have different locations of the –OH on the hemiacetal carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the projection formula used to represent bonds in a Fischer projection?

    <p>Fischer projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which glucose is regulated in the blood?

    <p>Insulin and glucagon regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a molecule that has nonsuperimposable mirror images?

    <p>Enantiomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of carbohydrate that has five carbon atoms in its main skeleton?

    <p>Pentose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bond that forms between two monosaccharides?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cyclic form of glucose?

    <p>Cyclic hemiacetal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the reaction between Benedict's reagent and an aldose?

    <p>To oxidize the aldehyde group of aldoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar can isomerize to form an aldose via an enediol reaction?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the linkage between the two glucose molecules in maltose?

    <p>α-1,4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lactase in the human body?

    <p>To break down lactose into glucose and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

    <p>The absence of an –OH group on C-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a polymer of monosaccharides?

    <p>Polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is commonly found in honey and corn syrup?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose?

    <p>Glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the anomeric -OH group in disaccharides?

    <p>It can react with another -OH group on an alcohol or sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is lactose intolerance a problem?

    <p>Because the enzyme lactase is necessary to break down lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are synthesized by photosynthesis in plants
    • Examples: grains, cereals, bread, sugar cane
    • Glucose is a major energy source, providing about 4 kcal of energy per gram

    Monosaccharides

    • Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules, also called simple sugars
    • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the basic formula (CH2O)n, where n is an integer between 3 and 7
    • Examples: glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), and galactose
    • Classified based on functional groups and number of carbon atoms in the main skeleton
      • Ketone carbonyl: ketose
      • Aldehyde carbonyl: aldose
      • Number of carbon atoms:
        • 3 carbons: triose
        • 4 carbons: tetrose
        • 5 carbons: pentose
        • 6 carbons: hexose

    Enantiomers and Chirality

    • Enantiomers: nonsuperimposable mirror images
    • Chirality: a carbon atom with four different groups bonded to it is called a chiral carbon atom
    • Any molecule containing a chiral carbon can exist as a pair of enantiomers
    • Chirality in glyceraldehyde is conveyed by a chiral carbon
    • Larger biological molecules often have more than one chiral carbon

    Biological Monosaccharides

    • Glucose is the most important sugar in the human body
    • Found in many foods, with common names including dextrose and blood sugar
    • Concentration in the blood is regulated by insulin and glucagon
    • Exists in a cyclic hemiacetal form under physiological conditions
    • Two isomers are formed, differing in the location of the -OH on the acetal carbon, C-1
    • An aldohexose with molecular formula C6H12O6
    • Cyclic form is shown as a Haworth projection

    Disaccharides

    • Examples: sucrose, lactose, and maltose
    • Formed by linking two monosaccharides together
    • Linkage is called a glycosidic bond
    • Water is lost to form an acetal

    Polysaccharides

    • Examples: starch, glycogen, and cellulose
    • Chains of linked monosaccharide units
    • Homopolysaccharides: composed of one type of monosaccharide
    • Heteropolysaccharides: made up of two or more different monosaccharides

    Starch

    • Storage polymers of α-linked glucose found in plants
    • If the links are only 1,4 links, the polymer is linear = amylose
    • Comprises about 80% of plant starch
    • Both 1,4 and 1,6 links = amylopectin, highly branched with branches of approximately 20-25 glucose units

    Glycogen

    • The major glucose storage carbohydrate in animals
    • A highly branched chain polymer like amylopectin
    • More frequent branching – 10 monomers
    • Stored in liver and muscle cells

    Cellulose

    • The major structural polymer in plants

    • A linear homopolymer composed of β-D-glucose units linked β-1,4

    • The repeating disaccharide of cellulose is β-cellobiose

    • Animals lack the enzymes necessary to hydrolyze cellulose### Sugars

    • Fructose is also known as levulose or fruit sugar, and is found in honey, corn syrup, and fruits.

    • Fructose is the sweetest sugar and is a ketohexose.

    • Galactose is the principal sugar found in mammalian milk, and is an aldoheptose very similar to glucose.

    Structure of Sugars

    • Glucose and galactose differ only in the orientation of one hydroxyl group.
    • Ribose is a five-carbon sugar and is an aldopentose, found in many biologically important molecules.
    • Deoxyribose is similar to ribose, but lacks a hydroxyl group on C-2.

    Benedict's Reagent

    • Benedict's reagent is an alkaline Cu2+ solution that oxidizes the aldehyde groups of aldoses.
    • The reaction causes the blue color of the reagent to fade, and a red-orange precipitate forms as Cu2O.

    Reducing Sugars

    • All monosaccharides and disaccharides except sucrose are reducing sugars.
    • Ketoses can isomerize to aldoses via an enediol reaction.

    Biologically Important Disaccharides

    • Maltose is formed by linking two D-glucose molecules to give a 1,4 glycosidic linkage.
    • Lactose is formed by joining β-D-galactose to D-glucose to give a β-1,4-glycoside.
    • Sucrose is formed by linking α-D-glucose with β-D-fructose to give a 1,2 glycosidic linkage.

    Polysaccharides

    • Homopolysaccharides are composed of one type of monosaccharide, while heteropolysaccharides are made up of two or more different monosaccharides.
    • Starch is a storage polymer of α-linked glucose found in plants, and can be linear (amylose) or branched (amylopectin).
    • Glycogen is a highly branched chain polymer similar to amylopectin, and is the major glucose storage carbohydrate in animals.
    • Cellulose is a linear homopolymer composed of β-D-glucose units linked β-1,4, and is the major structural polymer in plants.

    Glycogen and Amylopectin Structures

    • Glycogen and amylopectin are α(1-4) chains with α(1-6) branches.

    Cellulose

    • The repeating disaccharide of cellulose is β-cellobiose.
    • Animals lack the enzymes necessary to hydrolyze cellulose, but the bacteria in ruminants can digest cellulose.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge of carbohydrates, including their synthesis, types, and importance in our diet. Learn about monosaccharides, disaccharides, and daily calorie recommendations.

    More Like This

    Carbohydrates Biology
    6 questions

    Carbohydrates Biology

    GratifyingSatire avatar
    GratifyingSatire
    Carbohydrates in Nutrition
    38 questions

    Carbohydrates in Nutrition

    LegendarySatyr avatar
    LegendarySatyr
    Biology: Carbohydrates Flashcards
    35 questions

    Biology: Carbohydrates Flashcards

    WellBlue avatar
    WellBlue
    Biology Chapter: Carbohydrates and Lipids
    5 questions

    Biology Chapter: Carbohydrates and Lipids

    GoodlyMoldavite5546 avatar
    GoodlyMoldavite5546
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser