Biology Chapter 4 - Carbohydrates

An important source of energy for all cells, composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Good sources are found in fruits, vegetables, and grains.

The most abundant carbohydrate produced by plants through photosynthesis.

Carbohydrates that contain one or two molecules, commonly referred to as sugars.

<p>Carbohydrates that contain ONE molecule, examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates that contain TWO molecules, examples include lactose, maltose, and sucrose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates that consist of hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules, examples include starch, glycogen, and fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A complex carbohydrate that plants use to store carbohydrates, made up of amylose and amylopectin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A complex carbohydrate that serves as the storage form of glucose in animals, not found in food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A complex carbohydrate made of long polysaccharide chains that aids in digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibers that dissolve in water, are viscous, and gel-forming, associated with health benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibers that do not dissolve in water, promote regular bowel movements and alleviate constipation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the small intestine, not in the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes digest disaccharides to monosaccharides, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insufficient enzyme lactase to digest lactose-containing foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts them to glucose, which is the primary energy source circulating in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body does not have enzymes to digest fiber, but some can be broken down by bacteria in the large intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates glucose transporters to help take glucose from the blood across the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and promotes gluconeogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase glycogen breakdown in the liver, releasing glucose into the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol increases gluconeogenesis and decreases muscle glucose use while growth hormone increases fatty acid mobilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A food's potential to raise blood glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes a sudden surge in blood glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to low to moderate fluctuations in blood glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It determines the effect of a food on a person's glucose response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red blood cells use only glucose for energy, and both carbohydrates and fats supply energy for daily activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A state where fats break down during fasting to form ketones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body's process of making glucose from protein when carbohydrates are deficient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>130</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>45, 65</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lead to tooth decay, may increase 'bad cholesterol', decrease 'good cholesterol', and contribute to obesity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foods where nutrients lost during processing have been added back to meet a specified standard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foods that have had nutrients added that did not originally exist in them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25, 38</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sweeteners like sucrose and fructose that contain 4 kcal energy per gram.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sweeteners that provide little or no energy and are safe for various populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inability to regulate blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body does not produce enough insulin, leading to hyperglycemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin sensitivity where cells become less responsive to insulin, often associated with obesity and inactivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condition of low blood glucose characterized by symptoms such as shakiness and weakness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condition where the pancreas secretes too much insulin after a high-carbohydrate meal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condition where the pancreas produces too much insulin even when someone has not eaten.</p> Signup and view all the answers