Types and Elements of Obligations

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Questions and Answers

What type of obligation involves two or more debtors and two or more creditors whose whole obligations can fulfill proportionately?

Simple Obligation

Solidary Obligation

Compound Obligation

Joint Obligation (correct)

Which obligation allows a debtor to perform one prestation but has the right to choose another in place of the principal?

Facultative Obligation (correct)

Solidary Obligation

Quasi-Delict

Joint Obligation

What arises from civil liability as a consequence of a criminal offense?

Quasi-Delicts

Simple Obligations

Compound Obligations

Delicts (correct)

Which type of obligation ensures that no one is unjustly enriched at the expense of another?

Quasi-Delict Signup and view all the answers

What do the terms 'accessories' and 'accessions' refer to in legal obligations?

Additional benefits or enhancements related to a principal thing Signup and view all the answers

What defines a unilateral obligation?

Only one party is bound. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a civil obligation?

It may be enforced in court if not fulfilled. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a natural obligation from a civil obligation?

Natural obligations allow retention of voluntary payments. Signup and view all the answers

Which element of obligation refers to the individual demanding performance?

Active subject Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'prestations' element of obligation signify?

The specific action to be performed. Signup and view all the answers

The term 'efficient cause' in obligations refers to what?

The source binding the parties to the obligation. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of obligation specifically requires both parties to perform?

Bilateral obligation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a moral obligation?

It is based on conscience or morality. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a negative obligation?

The obligation not to do something Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a source of obligation?

Preference Signup and view all the answers

What type of obligation is defined as one that does not contain any condition or term for fulfillment?

Pure obligation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of obligation involves future and uncertain events?

Conditional obligations Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by a 'physically impossible condition' in obligations?

A condition that cannot exist or be fulfilled legally Signup and view all the answers

Which of these represents a type of obligation arising from a meeting of minds between parties?

Contract Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of industrial fruits as obligations?

Farm produce from cultivated land Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a quasi-contract from a traditional contract?

It arises from unjust enrichment Signup and view all the answers

What is a suspensive period in the context of obligations?

Obligations that arise only once a condition is fulfilled Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a potestative condition?

Condition that relies solely on the will of one of the contracting parties Signup and view all the answers

What type of obligation is characterized as positive?

An obligation that involves the execution of a specific act Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to obligations that both originate from the same cause?

Reciprocal obligations Signup and view all the answers

An impossible condition is defined as one that cannot be fulfilled for what reason?

It goes against public policy or good customs Signup and view all the answers

What type of fraud is defined as being committed during the execution of a contract?

Causal fraud Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an indeterminate thing?

Products that can be categorized under a class or genus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an act of God or force majeure?

A natural disaster that cannot be anticipated Signup and view all the answers

What is the object of a contract?

The thing, service, or right involved Signup and view all the answers

In a facultative obligation, who has the right to substitute the performance?

The debtor only Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario describes an alternative obligation?

Choosing between paying PHP 10,000 or delivering a laptop Signup and view all the answers

What must occur for a contract with a single prestation to be considered complete?

The debtor must perform the obligation outlined Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a debtor does not fulfill all required prestations in a joint obligation?

The obligation remains incomplete Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between alternative and facultative obligations?

Facultative obligations require a choice to substitute Signup and view all the answers

In the example of Claire and her PHP 5,000 obligation, what does she have the option to do?

Pay the amount or substitute it with another prestation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the obligations of Ana towards Riczie?

Both the car delivery and documents must occur simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Kinds of Obligations

Civil Obligation: Enforceable in court, based on law, sanction is judicial due process.
Natural Obligation: Not enforceable in court, but voluntary payment is authorized, based on equity and natural law.
Moral Obligation: Sanction is conscience or morality, or the law of the church.

Elements of Obligation

Active Subject (Creditor/Obligee): Person demanding performance.
Passive Subject (Debtor/Obligor): Person bound to perform.
Prestation (To give, to do, or not to do): Object or conduct required.
Efficient Cause (Juridical Tie): Binds parties to obligation, source of the obligation.
Causa (Causa debendi/causa obligationes): Reason why the obligation exists.

Obligation: Juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do.

Fruits

Natural: Spontaneous products of the soil, young animals.
Industrial: Produced by cultivation or labor.
Civil: Derived from juridical relations.

Sources of Obligations

Law: Imposed by law itself.
Contract: Meeting of minds of two or more persons.
Quasi-Contract: Arise from stipulations of the parties.
Delicts: Arise from civil liability due to a criminal offense.
Quasi-Delict: Arise from lawful, voluntary, and unilateral acts, where one person benefits at the expense of another.

Types of Obligations Based on Subject Matter

Real Obligation: Obligation to give.
Personal Obligation: Obligation to do or not to do.

Types of Obligations Based on Affirmativeness and Negativeness

Positive/Affirmative Obligation: Obligation to give or to do.
Negative Obligation: Obligation not to do.

Types of Obligations Based on Persons Obliged

Unilateral: Only one party is bound.
Bilateral: Both parties are bound.

Physically Impossible Condition

Cannot exist or be done legally.

Legally Impossible Conditions

Contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order, or public policy.

Condition

Future and uncertain event upon which the existence or extinguishment of an obligation depends.

Types of Obligations Based on Condition

Pure Obligations: No condition or term upon which fulfillment depends.
Conditional Obligations: Fulfillment depends on a condition.

Types of Obligations Based on Prestations

Simple Obligation: One object.
Compound Obligation: Two or more prestations.

Types of Compound Obligations

Joint Obligation: Debtors and creditors share obligation proportionately.
Solidary Obligation: One debtor can fulfill entire obligation, or one creditor can demand from any debtor.

Facultative Obligation

Debtor must perform one prestation, but can choose to substitute a different prestation.

Suspensive Period

Obligation arises only once the condition is met.

Resolutory Period

Obligation terminates once the condition is met.

Types of Conditions

Potestative: Depends on the will of one of the contracting parties.
Casual: Depends on chance or the will of a third person.
Mixed: Depends partly on the will of a party and partly on chance or the will of a third person.

Types of Conditions Based on Fulfilment

Possible: Capable of fulfillment.
Impossible: Not capable of fulfillment.

Types of Conditions Based on Action

Positive: Involves doing an act.
Negative: Involves omitting an act.

Types of Obligations Based on Divisibility

Divisible: Can be performed in parts.
Indivisible: Cannot be performed in parts, must be performed in whole.

Three Requisites of Contracts

Consent: Meeting of minds regarding subject matter and terms.
Object: Thing, service, or right that is the subject matter of the agreement.
Cause: Essential reason or motive behind the party's obligation.

Causes in Contracts

Generally refers to the prestation, what one party gives or does for the other.

Things in Contracts

Determinate: Specific things.
Indeterminate: Class or genus.

Acts that Extinguish Obligations

Act of Man: War, fire, robbery, murder.
Act of God/Force Majeure: Unforeseen and inevitable (earthquake, flood, rain).

Grounds for Liability

Negligence: Acts or omissions punishable by law.
Fraud: Deliberate or intentional deception to perform obligation.
Delay: Failure to perform obligation in due time.

Types of Fraud

Incidental Fraud: Committed in the performance of an existing obligation.
Causal Fraud: Employed at the time of contract execution to secure consent.

Reciprocal Obligations

Arise from the same contract, each party is a debtor and creditor of the other.

Conjunctive/Compound Obligation

Debtor must perform ALL prestations in the contract to extinguish the obligation.

Alternative Obligation

Debtor must fulfill ONLY ONE of several prestations to extinguish the obligation.

Factual Obligations

Where a person is compelled to pay another person for a benefit received, even if there was no legal obligation.

Legal/Civil Obligations

Obligations arising from the law.

Natural Obligations

Moral or social obligations that are not enforceable in court, but which may be voluntarily performed.

The Differences Between Conditions and Terms

Conditions: Uncertain and future events that may or may not happen, that affects an obligation.
Terms: Certain and future events, that affect the time or manner of performance of an obligation, with the obligation existing regardless of their occurrence.

Examples of Conditions

Suspensive Condition: The obligation comes into existence only when the condition is fulfilled.
Resolutory Condition: The obligation is extinguished when the condition is fulfilled.
Potestative Condition: The fulfillment of the condition depends on the will of one of the parties.

Key Points to Remember

Understand the different types of obligations, their elements, and their sources.
Distinguish between obligations, conditions, and terms.
Differentiate between possible and impossible conditions, as well as positive and negative conditions.
Familiarize yourself with the various grounds for liability in obligations, including negligence, fraud, and delay.

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Description

This quiz explores the various kinds of obligations, including civil, natural, and moral obligations, along with their key elements such as active and passive subjects. Additionally, it covers the different types of fruits associated with obligations. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in law.