Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of individuals with type 2 diabetes are typically obese?
What percentage of individuals with type 2 diabetes are typically obese?
- 50 to 70 percent
- 80 to 90 percent (correct)
- 10 to 20 percent
- 30 to 50 percent
How does excess body fat primarily contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes?
How does excess body fat primarily contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes?
- By impairing insulin's effect and promoting glucose production (correct)
- By increasing insulin production by pancreatic beta cells
- By increasing secretion of adiponectin
- By promoting glucose utilization in skeletal muscle
What biological product is secreted by fat cells that dampens the effect of insulin?
What biological product is secreted by fat cells that dampens the effect of insulin?
- Tumor necrosis factor (correct)
- Leptin
- Insulin
- Adiponectin
What role does adiponectin play in relation to insulin sensitivity?
What role does adiponectin play in relation to insulin sensitivity?
What happens to fat cells when they become full of fat in relation to insulin?
What happens to fat cells when they become full of fat in relation to insulin?
Flashcards
Obesity
Obesity
The condition of having an excessive amount of body fat, particularly around the abdomen.
Adipokines
Adipokines
Hormone-like substances produced by fat cells that can interfere with insulin's ability to regulate blood sugar.
Adiponectin
Adiponectin
A protein produced by fat cells that helps improve insulin sensitivity and has anti-inflammatory properties.
Glucose Utilization
Glucose Utilization
The process by which the body uses glucose (sugar) for energy.
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Hepatic Glucose Production
Hepatic Glucose Production
The production of glucose by the liver, independent of food intake.
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Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factor
- Obesity is the major risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
- About 80-90% of people with type 2 diabetes are obese (at least 20% above recommended weight).
- Obesity directly causes type 2 diabetes in these individuals.
- This chapter focuses on factors linked to excess body fat and type 2 diabetes.
Mechanisms of Obesity-Induced Diabetes
- Excess abdominal fat releases biological products (resistin, leptin, TNF-alpha, free fatty acids).
- These products reduce insulin effectiveness,
- hinder glucose usage by muscles,
- increase glucose production by the liver,
- and impair insulin release from the pancreas.
- Increased fat cells also decrease secretion of substances that enhance insulin action.
- Adiponectin, a novel protein made by fat cells, is one such compound.
- Adiponectin improves insulin sensitivity and has anti-inflammatory effects.
Multiple-Choice Questions (Example)
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Which of the following is the primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes, according to the text? a) High blood pressure b) Genetics c) Obesity d) Lack of exercise
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How do fat cells contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes? a) They increase the secretion of insulin. b) They decrease glucose production in the liver. c) They release substances that impair insulin's action and glucose utilization. d) They produce a protein that promotes insulin sensitivity
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What is the role of adiponectin in relation to type 2 diabetes? a) It decreases insulin production. b) It promotes inflammation. c) It enhances insulin sensitivity and has an anti-inflammatory effect. d) It is not related to diabetes.
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