Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the major risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

Sedentary lifestyle
Genetic predisposition
High sugar intake
Obesity (correct)

Which substances are secreted by fat cells that impair insulin action?

Resistin, leptin, and free fatty acids (correct)
Glucose and insulin
Tumor necrosis factor and glucagon
Adiponectin and leptin

What role does adiponectin play in relation to insulin?

It promotes glucose production
It increases insulin resistance
It improves insulin sensitivity (correct)
It decreases fat storage

What effect does an increase in the number and size of fat cells have on insulin action?

<p>Reduced secretion of compounds promoting insulin action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals with type 2 diabetes are reported to be obese?

<p>80 to 90 percent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factor

Obesity is the most significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Approximately 80% to 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes are obese.

Excess Body Fat and Insulin Resistance

Fat cells, especially abdominal fat, release substances like resistin, leptin, and free fatty acids. These substances reduce insulin's effectiveness, making it harder for the body to utilize glucose.

Adiponectin's Role

Adiponectin, a protein produced by fat cells, promotes insulin action and has anti-inflammatory effects. Reduced adiponectin levels in obese individuals contribute to insulin resistance.

Abdominal Fat

Fat stored around the abdomen (belly fat) is particularly linked to increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

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Fat Cell Growth and Insulin Sensitivity

An increase in the number and size of fat cells leads to reduced secretion of compounds that promote insulin action, further contributing to insulin resistance.

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Study Notes

Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity

Obesity is the major risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
Approximately 80-90% of people with type 2 diabetes are obese (20% or more above recommended weight).
Without obesity, these individuals would likely not develop the disease.
The chapter focuses on factors linked to increased body fat and type 2 diabetes.

Mechanisms of Obesity-Diabetes Link

Excess fat, especially abdominal fat, releases biological substances (resistin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor, free fatty acids).
These substances reduce insulin effectiveness.
They impair glucose use in muscles.
They increase glucose production in the liver.
They impair insulin release from the pancreas.
Increased fat cells also reduce the release of insulin-promoting compounds (like adiponectin).
Adiponectin improves insulin sensitivity and has anti-inflammatory properties.