Turkish Revolution and Modern History

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Questions and Answers

What was the main purpose of the Turkish Revolution?

Rebelling against the current administration

Protecting traditional institutions

Reaching the level of contemporary civilization (correct)

Developing the economy

Which term best describes the conditions of the developed world?

Evolvement

Contemporary (correct)

Evolution

Renaissance

Which party notably influenced the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy II?

Terrakiperver Republican Party

Freedom and Entente Party

Union and Progress Party (correct)

Ahrar Party

Which of the following was not a goal of Atatürk's reforms?

Utilization of the power of religion in state administration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features best describes the Turkish Revolution?

Only improvement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a result of geographical discoveries?

The Mediterranean becoming the center of trade Signup and view all the answers

Which internal factor did not contribute to the stagnation in the Ottoman Empire?

Strengthening of the central administration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following congresses was crucial for transforming local resistances into a national movement?

Sivas Congress Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the internal revolts that occurred between 1919 and 1921?

Strengthening of the Greek occupation Signup and view all the answers

Which action does not contribute to the protection of the Turkish Grand National Assembly's existence?

Adoption of the Assembly Government system Signup and view all the answers

What event marked the end of the Representative Committee's mission formed after the Sivas Congress?

Opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly Signup and view all the answers

At which conference was the draft of the Treaty of Sevres prepared?

Paris Conference Signup and view all the answers

In which period was the printing press first used by Muslims in the Ottoman Empire?

First Constitutional Monarchy Period Signup and view all the answers

During which Ottoman sultan's reign were permanent embassies opened for the first time abroad?

III.Selim Signup and view all the answers

Which Ottoman sultan signed the 'Sened-i İttifak' with local leaders?

III.Selim Signup and view all the answers

Which event did not occur under the influence of Western states during the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

Deed of Alliance (Sened-i İttifak) Signup and view all the answers

Britain guaranteed to defend the interests of the Ottoman Empire in the Berlin Congress if the administration of which location was ceded?

Cyprus Signup and view all the answers

Which treaty is considered a significant step towards the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire?

Berlin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a result of the transition from manual production to machine production with the Industrial Revolution?

Strengthening of absolute monarchies Signup and view all the answers

Which idea was the foundation of the Kanun-i Esasi prepared by the Young Ottomans?

Ottomanism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an external reason that prepared the collapse of the Ottoman Empire?

Geographical discoveries Signup and view all the answers

Which state aimed to unite the Balkan countries against the Ottoman Empire?

Russia Signup and view all the answers

Whose occupation marked the end of the Ottoman Empire's presence in Northern Africa?

Italy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a result of the Renaissance movements?

Scientific advancements outpaced the Islamic world Signup and view all the answers

In whose reign did the Ottoman Empire reach its highest economic, military, and political status?

Suleiman the Magnificent Signup and view all the answers

Which front in World War I aimed to prevent the Ottoman Empire from entering the war?

Canal front Signup and view all the answers

Which country had the most colonies after the Industrial Revolution?

England Signup and view all the answers

Which event is considered the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?

The discovery of the steam engine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was the most significant development in changing Europe's worldview and fostering free thought?

Development of the Renaissance movement Signup and view all the answers

Which development in Europe signifies the meaning of 'rebirth'?

Renaissance Signup and view all the answers

What priority did the Ottoman Empire show by establishing Muhendishaneler (Engineering schools) during its decline?

In military development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following states had ships sunk by German submarines that aided the Allies during World War I?

USA Signup and view all the answers

Which front did the Ottoman Empire open to sever Britain's connection with India and capture Egypt during the First World War?

Çanakkale Front Signup and view all the answers

Which country underwent a regime change during World War I?

Russia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries was NOT a part of the Allied Powers during World War I?

Bulgaria Signup and view all the answers

Through which treaty did Germany lose most of its territories and overseas colonies?

Versailles Signup and view all the answers

Which state undertook the first invasion following the Mondros Armistice?

Greece Signup and view all the answers

What was the main source of political disagreement about the partition of Anatolia after World War I?

Paris Peace Conference Signup and view all the answers

Which country strongly opposed Britain's claims about the Aegean region during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference?

France Signup and view all the answers

What was Mustafa Kemal Pasha's title when the Armistice of Mudros was signed?

Yıldırım Armies Command Signup and view all the answers

After being dismissed for refusing to enforce the harsh conditions of the Armistice of Mudros, what did Mustafa Kemal Pasha do?

He went to Samsun. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Week 1 Questions

Turkish Revolution's Main Purpose: Rebelling against the current administration, to improve obsolete institutions, and aiming for contemporary civilization. Developing the economy and protecting traditional institutions are not the main purposes.
Contemporary Civilization Standards: Revolution, Evolution, and Contemporary are expressions of developed world standards, rather than Renaissance or Evolvement.
Influential Party in Constitutional Monarchy II Declaration: The Union and Progress Party was influential in the declaration of Constitutional Monarchy II.
Atatürk's Revolutionary Goals: Atatürk's reforms aimed to increase social welfare and achieve contemporary civilization standards. Realizing national sovereignty in Turkey was also a stated goal, but the utilization of religious power in state administration was not.

Week 2 Questions

Results of Geographical Discoveries: European state expansion, alterations in trade routes, increased wealth for the merchant class, and the Mediterranean as a key trading area are results of geographical discoveries; however, seeing America as an ancient center of civilization is not.
Internal Reasons for Ottoman Stagnation: Disruption of the Timar system and provincial administration, as well as disruption of the justice system, were internal factors contributing to Ottoman stagnation. Though the strengthening of central administration also occurred, it is not a reason why the empire stagnated.
Results of Industrial Revolution: Increased competition, need for markets, prominence of the working class, raw material requirement, and intensification of international trade are effects of the Industrial Revolution.
External Causes of Ottoman Collapse: Capitulations, geographical discoveries, industrial revolution, and French Revolution were outside factors that contributed to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The deterioration of the Timar system is considered an internal reason.

Week 3 Questions

Ottoman Empire's Apex Period: Suleiman the Magnificent's reign is when the Ottoman Empire reached its peak economically, militarily, and politically.
Countries with Most Colonies Post-Industrial Revolution: England had the most colonies after the Industrial Revolution.
Start of Industrial Revolution: The invention of the steam engine marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
Important Development in Europe's Worldview: The development of the Renaissance movement is considered the most crucial development in Europe's worldview and the formation of an environment of free thought during the given time period.

Week 4 Questions

Ottoman Empire's Priority During Decline: The Ottoman Empire focused on the establishment of Muhendishaneler (engineering schools) during its decline period, showcasing the empire's educational commitment. Other options are tangential and not significant indications during this period.
First Use of Printing Press in Ottoman Empire: The printing press was first used in the Ottoman Empire during the Tanzimat Period.
Establishment of Permanent Embassies: Abdulmecit, of the Ottoman Empire, oversaw the establishment of permanent embassies abroad.
Contract with Ottoman Notables: The Sultan III. Selim signed the contract called Sened-i İttifak with these notables.

Week 5 Questions

British Interests & Ottoman Administration: Britain guaranteed to defend Ottoman Empire interests if the Ottomans handed over administration of Cyprus.
Treaties & Ottoman Disintegration: The Berlin Treaty was an important step in disintegrating the Ottoman Empire and marked Britain's participation in the disintegration of Ottoman lands.
Ideological Basis of Kanun-i Esasi: Westernism was the ideological basis of Kanun-i Esasi, prepared by the Young Ottomans.
Foreign Powers & Balkan Unification: Russia and other foreign countries encouraged the unification of Balkan states to counter the Ottomans.
End of Ottoman Empire in Northern Africa: French occupation of Northern Africa and the subsequent cession of territories to the French ended the Ottoman Empire's presence in the region.

Week 6 Questions

Front of Ottoman Empire in WWI: The Gallipoli front was intended to prevent the Ottoman Empire from joining WWI.
Effective WWI Front: The Gallipoli front stood out due to its heavy repercussions.
Allied Involvement in Submarine Attacks: German submarines sank the ships of Holland, Portugal, and Belgium.
Ottoman Front in WWI: Through the Caucasian front, the Ottomans intended to cut off Britain's connection with India and seize Egypt.
Regime Change During WWI: The Russian Empire experienced a regime change during WWI.

Week 7 Questions

Allied Powers During WWI: Japan, England, USA and France are among the allied powers during WWI, but Bulgaria was not.
Treaty of Versailles Impact on Germany: The Treaty of Versailles stripped Germany of territories and overseas colonies.
Invasion Influenced by Mondros: England was the first nation to invade after the Mondros armistice.
Political Disagreements Regarding Anatolia Partition: The Wilson Principles resulted in fierce disagreement over the partition of Anatolia after WWI.
Political Disagreements After WWI: The 2 agreements regarding Anatolia's partition took place in the Paris Peace Conferences regarding the issue.

Week 8 Questions

Mustafa Kemal Pasha's Title During Mudros: Mustafa Kemal Pasha held the title of Yıldırım Armies Command when the Armistice of Mudros was signed.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha's Actions After Dismissal: After being dismissed, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, found the conditions of the Armistice of Mudros to be heavy, decided to engage in politics.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha's First Job: Mustafa Kemal Pasha's first job was serving under the Ministry of War in Istanbul as the commander of the Yıldırım Armies.
Official Duties of Mustafa Kemal Pasha: Mustafa Kemal Pasha's duties in May 1919 as the Army Inspector included organizing congresses and rallies in Eastern Anatolia.
Causes of Events in Eastern Black Sea Region: Mustafa Kemal Pasha was tasked with investigating the causes of events in the Eastern Black Sea Region.

Week 9 Questions

Mustafa Kemal Pasha's Province of Election: Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected from the Trabzon province in the Last Ottoman Parliamentary Assembly.
National Pact Decisions Exclusions: Debts and minority rights were not part of the National Pact decisions.
Entente Powers' Response to National Pact: The Entente powers responded to the declaration of the National Pact by occupying territories after it, including the occupation of Mosul, Kars and İzmir.
Important Events Leading to National Pact: The Erzurum Congress and Sivas congresses played important roles in defining the borders of the National Pact.
Western Decisions Regarding the Six Provinces and Western Thrace: The Ottoman Parliamentary assembly determined that Kars, Ardahan, and Batum, as well as Western Thrace, should be reclaimed via negotiations.

Week 10 Questions

Enabled Transformation of Local Resistances: The Sivas Congress was the defining factor that transitioned local resistance groups into the National Struggle.
Results of Internal Revolts (1919-1921): External pressures and internal revolts, contributed to the development of Greek occupation, expulsion of the enemy from Anatolia, and the establishment of an association for the defense of rights.
Threats to the TGNA: The establishment of a regular army, enacting treason laws, suppressing uprisings, and establishing independence courts aimed to prevent threats to the existence of the TGNA.
Missions of the Representative Committee's Termination: The abolition of the Caliphate and establishment of the Turkish Grand National Assembly led to the closure of the representative committee.
Events Affecting Preparation of National Pact: The Erzurum and Sivas congresses set the groundwork for establishing the National Pact.

Week 11 Questions

Correct Order of Agreements (regarding Eastern Borders): The correct order of agreements involving the determination of Turkey's eastern borders is Alexandropol-Moscow-Kars agreements.
Treaty Agreements with States: The Turkish government signed treaties with other nations, such as a treaty with Armenia, France, and Russia.
First Treaty with Turkey's Name Mentioned First: The Treaty of Ankara has the name of Turkey mentioned first.
Sovereignty Transfer in Batumi: Sovereignty over the territory of Batumi was transferred to Georgia after the Treaty of Kars.
Historian's Idea Support: The historian's concept about the Turkish War of Independence being a common defense of the Anatolian and Turkish world is supported by events such as the establishment of an Anatolian and Rumelian Defense of Law Society.

Week 12 Questions

Allied Powers Conference in London: The II. İnönü victory was a significant factor influencing the Allied powers' decision to hold a conference in London.
Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) & Istanbul Government Meeting: The Istanbul government and TGNA came together in meetings related to the signing of treaties, such as the Treaty of Sèvres signing events.
Bilateral Relation example: The Ankara agreement was an example of a bilateral agreement.
Circassian Uprising and Turks Fighting: The Circassian Uprising led to conflict between different Turkish groups.
Events After the Circassian Uprising and Civil Unrest: The London Conference and the support of the TGNA were the main events that occurred after the Circassian Uprising and related issues.

Week 13 Questions

Mudanya Ceasefire Factors: The liberation of Western Anatolia from occupation was a crucial factor in paving the way for the Mudanya Ceasefire agreement.
Greek Evacuation from Eastern Thrace: The Greeks' evacuation of Eastern Thrace was a prerequisite for the Mudanya Armistice. The Mudanya Armistice agreement, The Ankara Agreement, and the Moscow Agreement all required Greece to leave.
Istanbul and Straits Administration: The concept of Turkish Grand National Assembly administration of Istanbul and the Straits implies that the region would be under the rule of this assembly. The idea was discussed in the context of negotiations surrounding the Mudanya Armistice agreement.
Allied Conference in London: This conference was held in response to a significant defeat at the I. Inönü battle on the allies.
Istanbul Government and Grand National Assembly Participation: The Istanbul Government and the TGNA co-operated, sharing attendance and participation at various conferences or meetings.

Week 14 Questions

States Focusing Only on Straits: England and France were the ones to focus exclusively on the issue of the straits.
Declaration of the Republic: The Republic of Turkey was declared on October 29, 1923.
Provisions of Lausanne Treaty Removal: The 1926 Ankara Agreement played a critical role helping remove provisions of the Treaty of Lausanne.
Issues Not Resolved at Lausanne: The Lausanne Peace Treaty did not address concerns such as minority rights and the Turkey-Iraq border issues.
Participants at Mudanya Conference: France, Italy, Greece, England, and USA all participated in the Mudanya Conference.

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This quiz focuses on significant events and reforms during the Turkish Revolution, including the influence of Atatürk and the impact of geographical discoveries. Answer questions that explore the internal and external factors shaping modern Turkey. Perfect for students of history looking to deepen their understanding of this transformative period.