Turkish Revolution and Modern History

<p>Utilization of the power of religion in state administration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only improvement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Mediterranean becoming the center of trade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strengthening of the central administration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sivas Congress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strengthening of the Greek occupation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adoption of the Assembly Government system (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paris Conference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First Constitutional Monarchy Period (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>III.Selim (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>III.Selim (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deed of Alliance (Sened-i İttifak) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyprus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Berlin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strengthening of absolute monarchies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ottomanism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geographical discoveries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Russia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Italy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scientific advancements outpaced the Islamic world (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suleiman the Magnificent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canal front (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>England (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The discovery of the steam engine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of the Renaissance movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renaissance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In military development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>USA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Çanakkale Front (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Russia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bulgaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Versailles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greece (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paris Peace Conference (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>France (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yıldırım Armies Command (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He went to Samsun. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Turkish Revolution aimed to modernize Turkey by adopting institutions and principles of contemporary civilization, leaving behind outdated Ottoman practices.

The development of modern institutions and practices, moving away from traditional ways, represents the essence of contemporary civilization.

The Union and Progress Party played a crucial role in the declaration of the Second Constitutional Monarchy in Turkey.

Atatürk's reforms aimed to achieve national sovereignty, improve social welfare, and modernize Turkey to reach the level of contemporary civilization. He believed that religion should not be involved in state administration.

The Turkish Revolution resulted in a complete overhaul of the old Ottoman institutions, replacing them with modern systems to establish a new and modern Turkey.

The geographical discoveries of the 15th and 16th centuries led to the establishment of new trade routes, shifted the center of trade away from the Mediterranean, and enriched the European bourgeois class through colonization.

The decline of the Ottoman Empire was driven by internal factors such as the weakening central administration, the breakdown of the Timar system, and the deterioration of the economic structure.

The Industrial Revolution, a period of significant technological advancements, brought about increased international competition, a growing need to find markets for manufactured goods, and the rise of the working class. However, it did not strengthen absolute monarchies. Instead, it often led to the growth of industrial capitalism and national economies.

The Ottoman Empire's decline was influenced by various external factors, including the Industrial Revolution, which contributed to the rise of European powers and their economic dominance. However, the French Revolution was more directly related to the spread of revolutionary ideas challenging traditional empires.

The Renaissance, a period of intellectual and artistic rebirth in Europe, emphasized original thought, individualism, and the decline of scholasticism. However, it did not directly lead to denominational debates, which are more associated with the Reformation and religious conflicts of the 16th and 17th centuries.

The Ottoman Empire reached its zenith under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, known for his military conquests, economic prosperity, and cultural achievements. This period witnessed the empire's peak in terms of political power, military strength, and economic influence.

England, with its vast colonial holdings, was the most dominant colonial power after the Industrial Revolution. Its colonies provided raw materials, markets, and a source of cheap labor, which contributed to its industrial growth and global dominance.

The Industrial Revolution began with the invention of the steam engine. This invention revolutionized manufacturing processes, energy production, and transportation, setting the stage for the sweeping technological and social changes that defined the Industrial Revolution.

The Renaissance played a pivotal role in transforming European worldview and promoting free thought. It challenged traditional authorities, revived classical learning, and fostered a spirit of inquiry and innovation that laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution and Enlightenment.

The term "rebirth" refers to the Renaissance, a period of cultural and intellectual revival in Europe that drew inspiration from classical Greek and Roman art, literature, and philosophy. It marked a departure from the medieval period and ushered in a new era of creativity and innovation.

During the Tanzimat Period, the printing press became an integral part of the Ottoman Empire's communication and dissemination of information.

The Ottoman Sultan II. Mahmut's reign marked a significant step in diplomatic relations as permanent embassies were established abroad for the first time.

The Sened-i Ittifak, a crucial agreement, was signed by Sultan Abdülmecit with notable local leaders to ensure their participation and cooperation in the implementation of Tanzimat reforms.

The Deed of Alliance (Sened-i Ittifak) was a crucial initiative aimed at consolidating the Ottoman Empire's internal power and was not influenced by Western states.

The Berlin Congress, where Britain guaranteed to defend the Ottoman Empire's interests, was a turning point in the Empire's decline. This guarantee was contingent on relinquishing control of Cyprus to Britain.

The Treaty of Berlin marked a significant event in the Ottoman Empire's disintegration, signaling a period of decline and signifying Britain's active role in dismantling the Ottoman lands.

Kanun-i Esasi, a foundational text of the Ottoman Constitution, was inspired by the Young Ottomans' belief in Ottomanism, emphasizing the unity and equality of all Ottoman citizens.

Russia was actively involved in fostering the idea of Balkan unity against the Ottoman Empire and sought to weaken and dismantle the Ottoman presence in the region.

France's occupation of Northern Africa marked the final end of the Ottoman Empire's presence in that region, significantly diminishing its territorial reach.

The Gallipoli front, a crucial battle in World War I, aimed to keep the Ottoman Empire out of the war by disrupting the Ottoman supply lines and gaining control of the Dardanelles.

The Erzurum Congress served as a crucial step in unifying local resistance movements into a national struggle against Ottoman rule. This congress laid the groundwork for the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) and the national liberation movement.

The Sivas Congress established the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA), which became the heart of the Turkish Resistance against both the Allied Forces and the Ottoman government. This congress solidified the national liberation movement's goals and structure, setting the stage for the Republic of Turkey.

The Treaty of Alexandropol marked the official end of warfare between Armenia and Turkey. It established boundaries between the two nations and acknowledged independence for both. The treaty was signed in 1920, shortly after the end of World War I.

The Treaty of Ankara, signed in 1921, solidified the political relationship and established friendly relations between Turkey and Soviet Russia. It addressed critical issues such as territory, trade, and military cooperation, setting the stage for future stability and diplomacy.

The Treaty of Kars, signed in 1921, effectively established the modern borders between Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. This treaty marked a defining moment in Turkish history and helped shape the regional geopolitical landscape.

The sinking of ships belonging to Portugal, Holland, Belgium, and Spain by German submarines during World War I, which ultimately aided the Allied cause.

The Ottoman Empire's attempt to cut off Britain's connection to India and take control of Egypt during World War I by launching a campaign in the Dardanelles Strait.

The Russian Empire experienced a regime change during World War I, resulting in the rise of the Bolsheviks and the establishment of the Soviet Union.

Bulgaria, a member of the Central Powers, was NOT part of the Allied Powers in World War I.

The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh penalties on Germany, requiring territorial concessions, disarmament, and war guilt.

Following the Armistice of Mudros, Greece was the first nation to invade Anatolia, marking the beginning of a period of instability and conflict.

The Wilsonian principles, proposed by US President Woodrow Wilson, aimed to establish a basis for peace and self-determination after World War I.

The 1919 Paris Peace Conference became a platform for major disagreements about the future of Anatolia, particularly regarding the Aegean region.

Greece strongly opposed the British claim to the Aegean region at the Paris Peace Conference, highlighting the competing interests and ambitions.

Mustafa Kemal Pasha held the position of Inspector of the IX. Army during the signing of the Armistice of Mudros, a key figure in the Ottoman military hierarchy.