20 Questions
What is the term used to define the process by which tumors change their antigen expression in response to immune pressure?
Immune editing
Which immune cells play a crucial role in tumor cell killing due to their ability to recognize and eliminate abnormal cells?
Natural killer cells
What is the term for the phenomenon where tumors evade natural killer cell cytotoxicity by downregulating the expression of activating ligands?
Ligand masking
Which type of antigen is uniquely expressed by tumor cells and can serve as a target for immunotherapy?
Tumor-specific antigen
How do tumors evade dendritic cell-mediated activation of T cells by impairing the function of these immune cells?
Downregulating MHC I expression
What was the significance of Allison's discovery in 1992 regarding co-stimulation through B7-CD28?
It highlighted the importance of co-stimulation in enhancing T cell responses.
Which antibody is known as anti-CTLA-4 and received FDA approval for advanced melanoma?
Ipilimumab
What is the key characteristic of Tumor Specific Antigens (TSA) that influences the prognosis of tumors expressing them?
They generate altered self-peptides in tumor cells.
What is a critical requirement for immune cells to be effective against cancer cells?
Recognition of cancer cells as different from normal cells.
What was the significant achievement that led to Allison being awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?
Stimulation of immunity against cancer through immune checkpoint inhibition.
What is one consequence of the specificity of immune responses in tumor immunity?
Selective elimination of tumor cell clones with low MHC class I expression
Which of the following cytokines can be produced by tumors to generate a hostile environment against immune responses?
Tumor Growth Factor-alpha (TGF-α)
How do cancer cells evade detection by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in some cases?
By reducing MHC class I surface expression
What is one role of dendritic cells in tumor immunity?
Capture of tumor antigens for presentation to T cells
Which mechanism can tumors use to evade natural killer (NK) cell lysis?
Downregulating MHC class I surface expression
What is the function of antibodies in tumor immunity known as?
Complement activation
How do tumors edit themselves to promote their own survival?
By expressing low MHC I and low levels of tumor antigens
In what scenario are cancer cells detectable by natural killer (NK) cells?
When they exhibit low or negative MHC class I surface expression
"Oncofetal antigens" are recognized in cancer cells as:
"Non-self"
"Immunosurveillance by NK cells" is prevented when:
"Engagement with inhibitory receptors"
Learn about tumor antigens, tumor associated antigens (TAA), overexpressed self-peptides, the role of MHC class I, and the immune response against tumors. Explore the factors that contribute to the immunogenicity of tumors and how the immune system targets cancer cells.
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