Tumor Antigens and Immune Response

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What is the term used to define the process by which tumors change their antigen expression in response to immune pressure?

Antigen suppression

Immune editing (correct)

Tumor promotion

Tumor elimination

Which immune cells play a crucial role in tumor cell killing due to their ability to recognize and eliminate abnormal cells?

T cells

Natural killer cells (correct)

B cells

Phagocytes

What is the term for the phenomenon where tumors evade natural killer cell cytotoxicity by downregulating the expression of activating ligands?

Ligand masking (correct)

Antigen suppression

Immune escape

NK cell inhibition

Which type of antigen is uniquely expressed by tumor cells and can serve as a target for immunotherapy?

Tumor-specific antigen (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do tumors evade dendritic cell-mediated activation of T cells by impairing the function of these immune cells?

Downregulating MHC I expression (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Allison's discovery in 1992 regarding co-stimulation through B7-CD28?

It highlighted the importance of co-stimulation in enhancing T cell responses. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody is known as anti-CTLA-4 and received FDA approval for advanced melanoma?

Ipilimumab (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of Tumor Specific Antigens (TSA) that influences the prognosis of tumors expressing them?

They generate altered self-peptides in tumor cells. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical requirement for immune cells to be effective against cancer cells?

Recognition of cancer cells as different from normal cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant achievement that led to Allison being awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018?

Stimulation of immunity against cancer through immune checkpoint inhibition. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of the specificity of immune responses in tumor immunity?

Selective elimination of tumor cell clones with low MHC class I expression (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cytokines can be produced by tumors to generate a hostile environment against immune responses?

Tumor Growth Factor-alpha (TGF-α) (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do cancer cells evade detection by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in some cases?

By reducing MHC class I surface expression (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one role of dendritic cells in tumor immunity?

Capture of tumor antigens for presentation to T cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism can tumors use to evade natural killer (NK) cell lysis?

Downregulating MHC class I surface expression (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of antibodies in tumor immunity known as?

Complement activation (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do tumors edit themselves to promote their own survival?

By expressing low MHC I and low levels of tumor antigens (C) Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario are cancer cells detectable by natural killer (NK) cells?

When they exhibit low or negative MHC class I surface expression (D) Signup and view all the answers

"Oncofetal antigens" are recognized in cancer cells as:

"Non-self" (B) Signup and view all the answers

"Immunosurveillance by NK cells" is prevented when:

"Engagement with inhibitory receptors" (A) Signup and view all the answers