T1 L22: Cancer Immunology (FK)

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Which of the following is a learning outcome of Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy?

Understanding the role of T-cells in anti-cancer immunity

Understanding the role of the tumour microenvironment for the immune response (correct)

Understanding the process of creating personalised tumour vaccines

Understanding the concept of cancer susceptibility genes

What are Tumour-selective antigens (TSAs)?

Proteins expressed on the surface of cancer cells

Proteins expressed mainly in tumours (correct)

Public/shared proteins expressed at early cell differentiation stages

Proteins expressed at higher levels in tumour cells

What do cancer cells show that is different from the immunological 'self'?

Different antigen expression levels (correct)

Different protein production rates

Different immune response mechanisms

Different cell differentiation stages

What are the mutated peptides presented on the surface of cancer cells?

Tumour-specific antigens (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the immunological synapse and checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy?

To inhibit the immune response against cancer cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is CAR-immune-cell therapy?

A therapy that manipulates T-cells to recognize and destroy tumours (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why are T-cells critical in anti-cancer immunity?

They recognize mutated peptides (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which gene did Angelina Jolie mention in her New York Times op-ed that led her to undergo an elective double mastectomy?

BRCA1 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment?

Downregulate inflammation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is involved in the inhibitory signal at the immunological synapse?

PD-1 ligand (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of anti-checkpoint therapy?

Reinstate normal T-cell activation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is a PD-1 antibody used in anti-checkpoint therapy?

Dostarlimab (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer patients is Dostarlimab (Jemperli) approved for?

Prostate cancer patients with dMMR (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T-cells in the tumor microenvironment?

Recognize peptides on tumor cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about tumour-selective antigens is true?

Tumour-selective antigens can be used as target antigens for cancer vaccines (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Tumour Mutational Burden (TMB)?

The number of proteins with a mutation leading to a change in coded amino acids (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neoantigens in distinguishing tumours from normal cells?

Neoantigens are antigens recognized by T-cell receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of antigen-presenting cells (APC) in neoantigen-based vaccines?

APCs activate T cells by presenting neoantigens (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of personalised RNA tumour vaccines?

To encode peptides or proteins similar to COVID vaccines (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cancer susceptibility genes is true?

Cancer susceptibility genes indicate a higher cancer risk (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of developing breast cancer by a woman in the UK with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene?

60-85% (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a checkpoint inhibitor that targets the PD-1/PD-1 ligand pathway?

Dostarlimab (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy is an autologous personalised therapy?

Tisagenlecleucel (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy targets CD19 on B-cells and B-ALL?

Tisagenlecleucel (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy requires a blood sample and takes about 3 weeks to receive the personalised therapy?

Tisagenlecleucel (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy is an off-the-shelf product and does not require MHC-match?

CAR-NK-cell therapy (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are the mainstay of natural anti-tumour immunity?

T-cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy can be reactivated by anti-checkpoint therapy?

T-cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy can be combined with other therapies?

RNA vaccines (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy has the potential for therapeutic 'warehouse' approach and does not need to be autologous or HLA-matched?

CAR-NK-cell therapy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteins are expressed in almost all tumors of the same kind?

Tumor associated proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between tumor associated proteins and tumor specific proteins?

The level of expression (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Class I MHC in presenting antigens?

To present antigens from intracellular space (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of central tolerance in regards to mutated peptides?

To ignore and tolerate mutated peptides (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about tumour-selective antigens?

They are mutations that only occur in certain patients (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using cancer-selective antigens in diagnosis and follow-up?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer has a major cancer-selective antigen called prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?

Prostate cancer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the human mutational burden defined as?

The number of mutated proteins that lead to a change in coated amino acid (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential application of cancer immunotherapy?

Enhancing the effectiveness of existing cancer treatments (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the tumour microenvironment in the immune response?

Suppressing the immune response against cancer cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of checkpoint inhibition in cancer immunotherapy?

To prevent the immune system from attacking healthy cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of tumour-selective antigens in cancer immunotherapy?

They can be used to create personalized tumour vaccines (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which gene mutations are strongly associated with ovarian cancer and breast cancer?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which percentage range represents the increased chance of developing breast cancer with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene, compared to the average woman in the UK?

60-85% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of developing breast cancer by the age of 70 for the average woman in the UK?

12.5% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the tumour microenvironment?

To prevent immune response against tumour cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism by which tumour cells evade the immune system?

Upregulation of immune checkpoints (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytokines secreted by tumour cells?

Suppress immune response (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is involved in downregulating the immune response by inhibiting T-cell activation?

CTLA-4 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the tumour microenvironment in immune evasion?

Protects tumour cells from the immune system (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential strategy for cancer immunotherapy?

Administering personalised RNA tumour vaccines (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of personalised RNA tumour vaccines in cancer immunotherapy?

They stimulate the immune response away from the tumour (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to stimulate the immune response away from the tumour in cancer immunotherapy?

The tumour can evade immune responses (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential benefit of using personalised tumour vaccines in cancer immunotherapy?

They specifically target the mutated peptides in the patient's tumour (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is being used to stop T-cell activation around transplantation?

CTLA four immunoglobulin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of anti-checkpoint therapy?

To stimulate T-cell activation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CD8086 in T-cell activation?

To stimulate T-cell activation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of leukocyte function antigen one in transplantation?

To reduce T-cell activation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the therapy that targets checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy?

Anti-tumor therapy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the molecules involved in stabilizing the immunological synapse?

CD86 and CD80 (C) Signup and view all the answers