T1 L22: Cancer Immunology (FK)
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a learning outcome of Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy?

  • Understanding the role of T-cells in anti-cancer immunity
  • Understanding the role of the tumour microenvironment for the immune response (correct)
  • Understanding the process of creating personalised tumour vaccines
  • Understanding the concept of cancer susceptibility genes

    • What are Tumour-selective antigens (TSAs)?

  • Proteins expressed on the surface of cancer cells
  • Proteins expressed mainly in tumours (correct)
  • Public/shared proteins expressed at early cell differentiation stages
  • Proteins expressed at higher levels in tumour cells

    • What do cancer cells show that is different from the immunological 'self'?

  • Different antigen expression levels (correct)
  • Different protein production rates
  • Different immune response mechanisms
  • Different cell differentiation stages

    • What are the mutated peptides presented on the surface of cancer cells?

    <p>Tumour-specific antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the immunological synapse and checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy?

    <p>To inhibit the immune response against cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is CAR-immune-cell therapy?

    <p>A therapy that manipulates T-cells to recognize and destroy tumours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are T-cells critical in anti-cancer immunity?

    <p>They recognize mutated peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene did Angelina Jolie mention in her New York Times op-ed that led her to undergo an elective double mastectomy?

    <p>BRCA1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Downregulate inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is involved in the inhibitory signal at the immunological synapse?

    <p>PD-1 ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of anti-checkpoint therapy?

    <p>Reinstate normal T-cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a PD-1 antibody used in anti-checkpoint therapy?

    <p>Dostarlimab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer patients is Dostarlimab (Jemperli) approved for?

    <p>Prostate cancer patients with dMMR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T-cells in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Recognize peptides on tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about tumour-selective antigens is true?

    <p>Tumour-selective antigens can be used as target antigens for cancer vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Tumour Mutational Burden (TMB)?

    <p>The number of proteins with a mutation leading to a change in coded amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neoantigens in distinguishing tumours from normal cells?

    <p>Neoantigens are antigens recognized by T-cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of antigen-presenting cells (APC) in neoantigen-based vaccines?

    <p>APCs activate T cells by presenting neoantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of personalised RNA tumour vaccines?

    <p>To encode peptides or proteins similar to COVID vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cancer susceptibility genes is true?

    <p>Cancer susceptibility genes indicate a higher cancer risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of developing breast cancer by a woman in the UK with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene?

    <p>60-85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a checkpoint inhibitor that targets the PD-1/PD-1 ligand pathway?

    <p>Dostarlimab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy is an autologous personalised therapy?

    <p>Tisagenlecleucel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy targets CD19 on B-cells and B-ALL?

    <p>Tisagenlecleucel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy requires a blood sample and takes about 3 weeks to receive the personalised therapy?

    <p>Tisagenlecleucel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy is an off-the-shelf product and does not require MHC-match?

    <p>CAR-NK-cell therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are the mainstay of natural anti-tumour immunity?

    <p>T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy can be reactivated by anti-checkpoint therapy?

    <p>T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy can be combined with other therapies?

    <p>RNA vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy has the potential for therapeutic 'warehouse' approach and does not need to be autologous or HLA-matched?

    <p>CAR-NK-cell therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of proteins are expressed in almost all tumors of the same kind?

    <p>Tumor associated proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between tumor associated proteins and tumor specific proteins?

    <p>The level of expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Class I MHC in presenting antigens?

    <p>To present antigens from intracellular space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of central tolerance in regards to mutated peptides?

    <p>To ignore and tolerate mutated peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about tumour-selective antigens?

    <p>They are mutations that only occur in certain patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using cancer-selective antigens in diagnosis and follow-up?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer has a major cancer-selective antigen called prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?

    <p>Prostate cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the human mutational burden defined as?

    <p>The number of mutated proteins that lead to a change in coated amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential application of cancer immunotherapy?

    <p>Enhancing the effectiveness of existing cancer treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the tumour microenvironment in the immune response?

    <p>Suppressing the immune response against cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of checkpoint inhibition in cancer immunotherapy?

    <p>To prevent the immune system from attacking healthy cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of tumour-selective antigens in cancer immunotherapy?

    <p>They can be used to create personalized tumour vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene mutations are strongly associated with ovarian cancer and breast cancer?

    <p>BRCA1 and BRCA2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which percentage range represents the increased chance of developing breast cancer with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene, compared to the average woman in the UK?

    <p>60-85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of developing breast cancer by the age of 70 for the average woman in the UK?

    <p>12.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tumour microenvironment?

    <p>To prevent immune response against tumour cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism by which tumour cells evade the immune system?

    <p>Upregulation of immune checkpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytokines secreted by tumour cells?

    <p>Suppress immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is involved in downregulating the immune response by inhibiting T-cell activation?

    <p>CTLA-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the tumour microenvironment in immune evasion?

    <p>Protects tumour cells from the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential strategy for cancer immunotherapy?

    <p>Administering personalised RNA tumour vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of personalised RNA tumour vaccines in cancer immunotherapy?

    <p>They stimulate the immune response away from the tumour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to stimulate the immune response away from the tumour in cancer immunotherapy?

    <p>The tumour can evade immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential benefit of using personalised tumour vaccines in cancer immunotherapy?

    <p>They specifically target the mutated peptides in the patient's tumour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is being used to stop T-cell activation around transplantation?

    <p>CTLA four immunoglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of anti-checkpoint therapy?

    <p>To stimulate T-cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CD8086 in T-cell activation?

    <p>To stimulate T-cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of leukocyte function antigen one in transplantation?

    <p>To reduce T-cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the therapy that targets checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy?

    <p>Anti-tumor therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the molecules involved in stabilizing the immunological synapse?

    <p>CD86 and CD80</p> Signup and view all the answers

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