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Questions and Answers
What characterizes cancer at the cellular level?
What characterizes cancer at the cellular level?
Which type of immune cell can directly lyse tumor cells?
Which type of immune cell can directly lyse tumor cells?
What are tumor-specific antigens?
What are tumor-specific antigens?
How do M2 macrophages contribute to tumor progression?
How do M2 macrophages contribute to tumor progression?
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What role do antibodies play in tumor immunity?
What role do antibodies play in tumor immunity?
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What characteristic do tumor-associated antigens have?
What characteristic do tumor-associated antigens have?
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How might tumors evade the immune system?
How might tumors evade the immune system?
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What is the primary role of NK cells in the immune response to tumors?
What is the primary role of NK cells in the immune response to tumors?
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What is the primary reason for the development of tumors in the body?
What is the primary reason for the development of tumors in the body?
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Which type of immune response involves the production of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand?
Which type of immune response involves the production of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand?
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What role do classically activated M1 macrophages play in relation to tumor cells?
What role do classically activated M1 macrophages play in relation to tumor cells?
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How do NKT cells recognize tumor antigens?
How do NKT cells recognize tumor antigens?
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What is a common characteristic of tumor-associated antigens?
What is a common characteristic of tumor-associated antigens?
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Which mechanism allows tumor cells to evade the immune system?
Which mechanism allows tumor cells to evade the immune system?
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Which immune cells are primarily responsible for mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?
Which immune cells are primarily responsible for mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?
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Which statement best describes the role of CD4+ T cells in anti-tumor immunity?
Which statement best describes the role of CD4+ T cells in anti-tumor immunity?
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What triggers the development of tumors in the body?
What triggers the development of tumors in the body?
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Which type of immune mechanism is primarily involved in the direct destruction of tumor cells by producing nitric oxide?
Which type of immune mechanism is primarily involved in the direct destruction of tumor cells by producing nitric oxide?
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Which of the following statements about tumor-associated antigens is true?
Which of the following statements about tumor-associated antigens is true?
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What is the role of antibodies in fighting tumors?
What is the role of antibodies in fighting tumors?
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Which cells are known to activate macrophages through the production of IFN-γ?
Which cells are known to activate macrophages through the production of IFN-γ?
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How do tumor cells manage to suppress host immune responses?
How do tumor cells manage to suppress host immune responses?
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What is a primary function of neutrophils in response to tumors?
What is a primary function of neutrophils in response to tumors?
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Which immune response is associated with NK cells binding to MICA and MICB on tumor cells?
Which immune response is associated with NK cells binding to MICA and MICB on tumor cells?
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Study Notes
The Immune System and Cancer
- Cancer results from imbalances in cell division and death rates
- Tumors form when cells divide faster than they die
- Development of tumors: Carcinogens, radiation, viral infections, chronic inflammation, and genetic mutations can cause cells to transform
- Intrinsic tumor suppression mechanisms often eliminate early-stage tumors; however, some survive
Tumor Antigens
- Tumor-specific antigens are only present on tumor cells
- Tumor-associated antigens are found on both normal and tumor cells
Immune Response to Tumors
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Innate Immune Mechanisms
- Neutrophils produce TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), triggering apoptosis in tumor cells
- Natural Killer (NK) cells express NKG2D, which binds to MICA and MICB on tumor cells, initiating apoptosis.
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Macrophages
- Classically activated M1 macrophages kill tumor cells
- Tumor cells may be recognized by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released by dying tumor cells, activating macrophages.
- IFN-γ, produced by tumor-specific T cells, activates macrophages, triggering nitric oxide (NO) production to kill tumor cells.
- M2 macrophages promote tumor growth by secreting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and TGF-β
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Adaptive Immune Mechanisms
- CD8+ T cells directly destroy tumor cells using perforins and granzymes
- CD4+ T cells activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) contribute to direct or indirect tumor destruction.
- IFN-γ, produced by CD4+ T cells, activates macrophages
- Natural Killer T (NKT) cells target tumor cells displaying non-classical MHC class I molecules
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Antibodies
- Antibodies produced by tumor-bearing hosts can target tumor antigens, activating complement or mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Tumor Escape
- Some tumors actively suppress host immune responses
- TGF-β induces tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis
- TGF-β suppresses anti-tumor immune responses
- Tumor-activated dendritic cells (DCs) secrete indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), inhibiting T cell proliferation
- Tumor cells often secrete galectin-1, stimulating angiogenesis
- Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), secreted by tumor cells, slows immune responses
Mechanisms by which Tumors Escape T Cell Immune Defenses
- Failure to produce tumor antigens
- Loss of tumor antigens
- Mutations in MHC genes/antigen processing pathways
- Lack of T cell recognition
- Secretion of immunosuppressive proteins
- Expression of inhibitory cell surface proteins (e.g., PD-L1)
Equilibrium
- Tumor cells can maintain a steady state without progressing
- Tumor cells are not completely eliminated, nor do they fully proliferate
Tumor Immunoediting
- Tumor cells under sustained immune pressure may be edited by the adaptive immune system
- Tumor cells growing without an adaptive immune system remain immunogenic
Cancer Immunoediting
- Cells undergoing transformation release danger signals, which trigger intrinsic tumor suppression.
- Equilibrium (persistence and dormancy) occurs when the immune system and tumor cells reach a balance.
- Escape (cancer progression) occurs when suppression mechanisms fail and tumors resume growth.
Immune Evasion
- Failure to produce tumor antigens, loss of tumor antigens
- Mutations in MHC genes or antigen processing genes
- Lack of T cell recognition
- Secretion of immunosuppressive proteins; expression of inhibitory cell surface proteins
Tumor Immunotherapy
- Nonspecific immune stimulation (microbial products, cytokines)
- Passive immunization (monoclonal antibodies)
- Active immunization (chemically modified tumor cells, DNA vaccines, vaccines against oncogenic viruses)
Adoptive Transfer of In Vitro Activated Immune Cells
- In vitro activated lymphocytes are transferred to the patient to fight tumor cells
T Cell Inhibitor Blockade
- Blocking PD-L1/PD1 interactions on tumor cells enables T cell activation, leading to tumor cell destruction.
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Description
Explore the complex relationship between the immune system and cancer in this quiz. Understand how tumors form, the role of tumor antigens, and the innate immune mechanisms involved in responding to cancer cells. Test your knowledge on key concepts like tumor suppression, immune response, and the impact of various factors on tumor development.