11.2 Cancer and the Immune System
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes cancer at the cellular level?

  • Cells die more rapidly than they divide
  • Cells divide more rapidly than they die (correct)
  • Cells undergo mutations causing them to stop dividing
  • Cells lose their ability to respond to immune signals
  • Which type of immune cell can directly lyse tumor cells?

  • M2 macrophages
  • M1 macrophages
  • CD8+ T cells (correct)
  • NKT cells
  • What are tumor-specific antigens?

  • Antigens found in all normal cells
  • Antigens expressed only on tumor cells (correct)
  • Antigens that suppress immune responses
  • Antigens that lead to normal cell replication
  • How do M2 macrophages contribute to tumor progression?

    <p>By promoting tissue repair and remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antibodies play in tumor immunity?

    <p>They mediate killing of tumor cells through complement activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do tumor-associated antigens have?

    <p>They are found in both tumor and normal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might tumors evade the immune system?

    <p>By secreting TGF-β to suppress immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of NK cells in the immune response to tumors?

    <p>To directly kill tumor cells using cytotoxic granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the development of tumors in the body?

    <p>Increased cell division without corresponding cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response involves the production of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand?

    <p>Neutrophil activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do classically activated M1 macrophages play in relation to tumor cells?

    <p>Killing tumor cells through nitric oxide production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do NKT cells recognize tumor antigens?

    <p>Through non-classical MHC class I molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of tumor-associated antigens?

    <p>They can be found on both tumor cells and normal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism allows tumor cells to evade the immune system?

    <p>Secretion of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by tumor-activated DCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are primarily responsible for mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?

    <p>NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of CD4+ T cells in anti-tumor immunity?

    <p>They activate macrophages through IFN-γ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the development of tumors in the body?

    <p>Increased rates of cell division and decreased rates of cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune mechanism is primarily involved in the direct destruction of tumor cells by producing nitric oxide?

    <p>M1 macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about tumor-associated antigens is true?

    <p>They are expressed on tumor cells and also normal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antibodies in fighting tumors?

    <p>They can activate complement to facilitate tumor cell destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are known to activate macrophages through the production of IFN-γ?

    <p>CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tumor cells manage to suppress host immune responses?

    <p>Through secretion of TGF-β and other immunosuppressive factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of neutrophils in response to tumors?

    <p>To produce TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune response is associated with NK cells binding to MICA and MICB on tumor cells?

    <p>Innate immune mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Immune System and Cancer

    • Cancer results from imbalances in cell division and death rates
    • Tumors form when cells divide faster than they die
    • Development of tumors: Carcinogens, radiation, viral infections, chronic inflammation, and genetic mutations can cause cells to transform
    • Intrinsic tumor suppression mechanisms often eliminate early-stage tumors; however, some survive

    Tumor Antigens

    • Tumor-specific antigens are only present on tumor cells
    • Tumor-associated antigens are found on both normal and tumor cells

    Immune Response to Tumors

    • Innate Immune Mechanisms
      • Neutrophils produce TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), triggering apoptosis in tumor cells
      • Natural Killer (NK) cells express NKG2D, which binds to MICA and MICB on tumor cells, initiating apoptosis.
    • Macrophages
      • Classically activated M1 macrophages kill tumor cells
      • Tumor cells may be recognized by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released by dying tumor cells, activating macrophages.
      • IFN-γ, produced by tumor-specific T cells, activates macrophages, triggering nitric oxide (NO) production to kill tumor cells.
      • M2 macrophages promote tumor growth by secreting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and TGF-β
    • Adaptive Immune Mechanisms
      • CD8+ T cells directly destroy tumor cells using perforins and granzymes
      • CD4+ T cells activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) contribute to direct or indirect tumor destruction.
      • IFN-γ, produced by CD4+ T cells, activates macrophages
      • Natural Killer T (NKT) cells target tumor cells displaying non-classical MHC class I molecules
    • Antibodies
      • Antibodies produced by tumor-bearing hosts can target tumor antigens, activating complement or mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

    Tumor Escape

    • Some tumors actively suppress host immune responses
    • TGF-β induces tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis
    • TGF-β suppresses anti-tumor immune responses
    • Tumor-activated dendritic cells (DCs) secrete indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), inhibiting T cell proliferation
    • Tumor cells often secrete galectin-1, stimulating angiogenesis
    • Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), secreted by tumor cells, slows immune responses

    Mechanisms by which Tumors Escape T Cell Immune Defenses

    • Failure to produce tumor antigens
    • Loss of tumor antigens
    • Mutations in MHC genes/antigen processing pathways
    • Lack of T cell recognition
    • Secretion of immunosuppressive proteins
    • Expression of inhibitory cell surface proteins (e.g., PD-L1)

    Equilibrium

    • Tumor cells can maintain a steady state without progressing
    • Tumor cells are not completely eliminated, nor do they fully proliferate

    Tumor Immunoediting

    • Tumor cells under sustained immune pressure may be edited by the adaptive immune system
    • Tumor cells growing without an adaptive immune system remain immunogenic

    Cancer Immunoediting

    • Cells undergoing transformation release danger signals, which trigger intrinsic tumor suppression.
    • Equilibrium (persistence and dormancy) occurs when the immune system and tumor cells reach a balance.
    • Escape (cancer progression) occurs when suppression mechanisms fail and tumors resume growth.

    Immune Evasion

    • Failure to produce tumor antigens, loss of tumor antigens
    • Mutations in MHC genes or antigen processing genes
    • Lack of T cell recognition
    • Secretion of immunosuppressive proteins; expression of inhibitory cell surface proteins

    Tumor Immunotherapy

    • Nonspecific immune stimulation (microbial products, cytokines)
    • Passive immunization (monoclonal antibodies)
    • Active immunization (chemically modified tumor cells, DNA vaccines, vaccines against oncogenic viruses)

    Adoptive Transfer of In Vitro Activated Immune Cells

    • In vitro activated lymphocytes are transferred to the patient to fight tumor cells

    T Cell Inhibitor Blockade

    • Blocking PD-L1/PD1 interactions on tumor cells enables T cell activation, leading to tumor cell destruction.

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    Description

    Explore the complex relationship between the immune system and cancer in this quiz. Understand how tumors form, the role of tumor antigens, and the innate immune mechanisms involved in responding to cancer cells. Test your knowledge on key concepts like tumor suppression, immune response, and the impact of various factors on tumor development.

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