Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following risk factors is NOT directly related to environmental exposures?
Which of the following risk factors is NOT directly related to environmental exposures?
Which of the following is a potential symptom of asthma?
Which of the following is a potential symptom of asthma?
What does FEV stand for in the context of asthma classification?
What does FEV stand for in the context of asthma classification?
In the context of asthma treatment, what does "SABA PRN" stand for?
In the context of asthma treatment, what does "SABA PRN" stand for?
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Which asthma classification is characterized by symptoms occurring greater than twice a week but no more than once a day and 3-4 nights per month, with an FEV greater than 80%?
Which asthma classification is characterized by symptoms occurring greater than twice a week but no more than once a day and 3-4 nights per month, with an FEV greater than 80%?
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What characterizes latent TB?
What characterizes latent TB?
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Which combination of medications is typical for treating active TB?
Which combination of medications is typical for treating active TB?
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When should screening for active TB be considered?
When should screening for active TB be considered?
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What is a common cause for false positive results in TB skin testing?
What is a common cause for false positive results in TB skin testing?
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What is the specificity range of IGRA tests used in TB assessment?
What is the specificity range of IGRA tests used in TB assessment?
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Flashcards
What is latent tuberculosis?
What is latent tuberculosis?
A form of tuberculosis where the bacteria is present but does not cause symptoms or contagiousness.
What is active tuberculosis?
What is active tuberculosis?
An active tuberculosis infection that causes symptoms and is contagious, requiring immediate treatment.
List the risk factors for tuberculosis.
List the risk factors for tuberculosis.
People with weakened immune systems (HIV), those living in crowded or unsanitary conditions, and those with limited access to healthcare are more susceptible to tuberculosis.
What are the treatments for latent and active tuberculosis?
What are the treatments for latent and active tuberculosis?
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When is tuberculosis screening recommended and what methods are used to screen?
When is tuberculosis screening recommended and what methods are used to screen?
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What is Asthma?
What is Asthma?
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What are the risk factors for Asthma?
What are the risk factors for Asthma?
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Why use spirometry in Asthma patients?
Why use spirometry in Asthma patients?
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What are the classifications for Asthma severity?
What are the classifications for Asthma severity?
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What are common treatments for Asthma?
What are common treatments for Asthma?
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Study Notes
Latent TB
- Latent TB is when a person carries the bacteria but has no symptoms, and is not contagious. No treatment is needed.
Active TB
- Active TB is a symptomatic and contagious infection that requires treatment.
TB Risk Factors
- Compromised immune systems (e.g., HIV)
- Crowded or poorly ventilated conditions
- Inadequate access to healthcare
TB Treatment
- Latent TB: 3-4 months of rifampin or isoniazid.
- Active TB: 6-9 months of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol.
TB Screening
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Screen patients with a persistent cough lasting more than 3 weeks and known risk factors.
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Methods:
- TB skin test: Positive result suggests exposure, but not necessarily active disease. More accurate for latent TB. Note false positives are possible from previous vaccines or immunocompromised patients.
- Chest X-ray: May or may not be helpful in diagnosis, affordable and timely but not always specific to TB.
- Sputum culture: More likely to give a TB diagnosis but expensive and takes time (several days to a week).
- IGRA: Useful for patients who've received BCG vaccine (Establishes a negative result) or have a positive TB skin test (to provide a diagnosis). High specificity (between 75-95%).
Asthma Risk Factors
- Genetics
- Environment (e.g., allergens, pollutants)
- In-utero exposure (e.g., smoking during pregnancy)
- Obesity
- Compromised immune system
Asthma Symptoms
- Coughing fits (especially at night or early morning)
- Wheezing
- Shortness of breath
- Chest tightness or pressure
- Cough with sputum production
- Anxiety
Asthma Treatment and Classification
- Intermittent: Mild symptoms, up to 2 days a week and 2 nights a month; FEV1>80%. Treatment: SABA PRN (albuterol, Proventil, Ventolin).
- Mild persistent: Needs consistent help; symptoms more than twice a week but no more than once a day, and 3-4 nights per month; FEV1 > 80%. Treatment: SABA PRN + daily ICS (fluticasone, budesonide) or SABA PRN + low-dose combo ICS/LABA (budesonide/formoterol, fluticasone/salmeterol).
- Moderate persistent: Symptoms daily and more than one night a week; FEV1 > 60% but < 80%. Treatment: SABA PRN + daily medium-dose ICS/LABA or SABA PRN + daily high-dose combo ICS/LABA.
- Severe persistent: Symptoms throughout the day on most days and frequently every night; FEV1 < 60%. Treatment: SABA PRN + daily high-dose ICS/LABA + oral steroids.
Asthma Therapy Adjustment
- Assess adherence, inhaler technique, environmental factors, and comorbid conditions first.
- Consider step-up or step-down of treatment.
- Consult an asthma specialist if treatment exceeds step 3.
Acute Bronchitis vs. Pneumonia
- Acute Bronchitis: Typically diagnosed clinically, characterized by acute onset and fever plus a productive cough (copious sputum). Symptoms last up to three weeks, rest and fluids are encouraged, and smoking cessation is essential.
- Pneumonia: Diagnosed with chest X-rays, characterized by fever, productive cough, chest pain, and abnormal lung sounds. Treatment varies based on the type. Typical pneumonia is often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and sometimes Staphylococcus aureus. Atypical pneumonia has a more gradual onset with dry cough and low-grade fever. Typical pneumonia is treated with amoxicillin and atypical with azithromycin.
Pneumonia Treatment and Classification
- Typical: Often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus. Symptoms include fever, productive cough (yellow or green sputum), chest pain, and abnormal lung sounds.
- Atypical: Often caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae or chlamydophila pneumoniae. Symptoms are more gradual, with low-grade fever, dry cough, and malaise rather than the productive cough of typical pneumonia. Treatments vary based on the type (e.g., amoxicillin for typical versus azithromycin for atypical). Severity also impacts the treatment plan.
Pneumonia Considerations for Hospitalization
- Use the CURB-65 tool to assess risk for hospitalization. A score of 0-1 indicates outpatient management, whereas scores ≥2 indicate possible need for hospitalization.
COVID-19 and Influenza Prevention and Treatment
- Prevention: Vaccination, hand hygiene, avoiding large crowds, covering coughs/sneezes and staying home when ill.
- Treatment: Symptom management (rest, fluids, antipyretics), and supportive care.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of tuberculosis, distinguishing between latent and active TB, risk factors for infection, treatment options, and screening methods. Test your understanding of TB's symptoms, contagion, and management strategies.
