Respiratory Study Questions PDF

NM703 Module 3: Respiratory Study Questions  What is latent TB? Individuals carry the bacteria but do not exhibit symptoms and are not contagious; does not require treatment  What is active TB? Symptomatic and contagious infection that requires prompt treatment  List the risk...

NM703 Module 3: Respiratory Study Questions  What is latent TB? Individuals carry the bacteria but do not exhibit symptoms and are not contagious; does not require treatment  What is active TB? Symptomatic and contagious infection that requires prompt treatment  List the risk factors for TB. Individuals with compromised immune systems (e.g., HIV) Those living in crowded or poorly ventilated conditions Inadequate access to healthcare  What is the treatment for TB? Latent TB: 3-4 months of Rifampin or Isoniazid (to help prevent progression to active disease) Active tb: 6-9 months of Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol  When do we screen for TB and what methods are appropriate? When could we see false results with screening? When: If a patient presents with a persistent cough for over 3 weeks and has risk factors – we are concerned about active disease Methods: TB Skin test: positive result indicates exposure but not necessarily active disease; more accurate in determining latent disease False positive: if the patient had a previous BCG vaccine or those who are immune compromised (HIV and cancer) Chest x-ray: may or may not help reach a diagnosis; timely and affordable; not always specific to TB Sputum culture: likely gives a diagnosis; expensive; takes a long time to come back (few days to a week) IGRA: Useful in individuals who have received the BCG vaccine to establish a negative result and those who had a positive TB skin test to establish a diagnosis Specificity is between 75-95%; doesn’t determine between latent and active so a good assessment is important because in an active infection they will be symptomatic  What are the risk factors for and symptoms of asthma? Risk Factors: Genetics: Blame it on the family tree Environment: Allergens, pollutants, or anything that makes your airways grumpy In-utero exposure: If the pregnant person smoked, asthma might tag along Obesity: Another reason to encourage healthy living Compromised immune system: A weak defense team can’t always keep asthma at bay Symptoms: Coughing fits (often at night or early morning) Wheezing (that telltale whistle) Feeling short of breath Chest tightness or pressure Sputum production Anxiety  Why do we use spirometry for patients with asthma? It measures how much air the patient can exhale and how fast  What are the classifications of asthma, and the treatment of asthma based on its severity? Intermittent: things are great; mild symptoms up to 2 days per week and 2 nights per months; FEV >80% Tx: SABA PRN (Albuterol, Proventil, Ventolin)  Mild persistent: Good but needs more help to consistent help; symptoms greater than twice a week but no more than once a day and 3-4 nights per month; FEV >80% Tx: SABA PRN + daily ICS (Fluticasone, Budesonide) OR SABA PRN + LOW dose combo ICS/LABA (Budesonide/Formoterol (Symbicort), fluticasone/salmeterol (ADVAIR)) Moderate persistent: riding the line to crossing into the dark side; symptoms every day and more than one night a week; FEV >60% but