Tuberculosis and Treatment Guidelines Quiz

A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. It is spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can be latent (in the body but not causing symptoms) or active (causing symptoms).

An infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, but not actively causing symptoms. It is often asymptomatic but can progress to active TB if the immune system weakens.

Type of tuberculosis that shows symptoms and can spread to others. It can cause symptoms like fever, cough, weight loss, and night sweats.

A blood test that measures the body's immune response to TB bacteria. It can help determine if a person has been exposed to TB.

A type of medicine used to treat TB. It is a combination of drugs that usually includes isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. It can require months or longer of treatment and can cause side effects.

A reddish-orange color in urine, inflammation of the liver, and a low platelet count are known side effects of Rifampin.

To monitor the potential side effects of Rifampin, laboratory tests like liver function studies, complete blood count, and serum creatinine levels should be conducted before starting treatment.

If the bacteria causing tuberculosis is fully susceptible to isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF), the fourth drug in the treatment regimen can be omitted.

The initial phase of TB treatment involves taking all three primary drugs daily for two months, followed by a continuation phase of daily INH and RIF for another four months.

Individuals with HIV should receive a longer course of TB treatment lasting nine months to ensure a high likelihood of eradicating the infection.

A positive tuberculin skin test result with a reaction of 5 millimeters or larger in HIV-infected individuals, close contacts of known TB cases, or organ transplant recipients.

A positive tuberculin skin test reaction of 10 millimeters or larger in immigrants from high TB prevalence areas, individuals in high-risk groups, healthcare workers, individuals in correctional facilities, those with diabetes, and healthy individuals over four years old.

A positive tuberculin skin test reaction of 15 millimeters or larger in individuals not classified as high-risk groups.

Characterized by uncontrollable, violent coughing fits that often make it difficult to breathe. The coughing often makes a "whooping" sound, especially after taking deep breaths. It can be particularly dangerous for babies less than a year old.

Early symptoms of Pertussis usually last for 1-2 weeks and include a runny nose, low-grade fever, and occasional coughing.

Late-stage symptoms of Pertussis can last for 10 weeks or longer and include paroxysms (violent coughing fits) followed by a 'whooping' sound, vomiting during and exhaustion after coughing fits.

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent Pertussis. The CDC recommends that all pregnant women receive a Tdap vaccine during the 27th through 36th week of pregnancy.

Pertussis is diagnosed through a Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test used to detect the bacteria B. pertussis and B. parapertussis from nasopharyngeal swabs.

Treatment for Pertussis includes antibiotic therapy, primarily using azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin. Cough medication should be avoided. Fluids are important to prevent dehydration and small, frequent meals can help prevent vomiting.

In older adults, lungs become stiffer, respiratory strength and endurance decrease, and the chest wall becomes more rigid. These changes contribute to a decline in oxygen uptake.

Over 50% of pneumonia cases occur in adults over 65 years old. Long-term care facilities have a high risk of pneumonia. Common causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae, gram-negative bacilli, and Staphylococcus aureus.

A latent TB infection means you have the bacteria but it is not active and causing symptoms. You are not contagious and don't need treatment right away. However, if your immune system weakens, it can become active.

Active TB is when the bacteria is multiplying and causing symptoms. It is contagious and requires treatment with medication. It can affect the lungs and other parts of the body.

The QuantiFERON-TB Gold test is a blood test that detects if you have been exposed to TB bacteria. It measures your immune response to the bacteria. This test is helpful to determine if you have been exposed to TB.

A PPD test is a skin test to check if you have been exposed to TB. A small amount of TB protein is injected under the skin, and the reaction is observed 48-72 hours later. It's not diagnostic for TB, but it indicates exposure and may require further testing.

The initial phase of TB treatment involves taking all three primary drugs daily for two months, followed by a continuation phase of daily INH and RIF for another four months. The goal is to eliminate the infection from the body.

Rifampin, a medication commonly used for tuberculosis treatment, can lead to a distinctive orange discoloration of urine. This harmless side effect is a visual reminder of the drug's presence.

When tuberculosis (TB) is diagnosed, healthcare providers must promptly notify the local health department. This helps track cases, implement infection control measures, and prevent further spread of the disease.

A positive tuberculin skin test (TST) result of 10 millimeters or greater is significant for immigrants from high-prevalence TB areas. This indicates a heightened risk of exposure and potential infection.

The forced vital capacity (FVC) lung function test measures the maximum amount of air a person can forcefully exhale after a deep breath. It is a key indicator of overall lung capacity.

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are a series of breathing tests used to assess lung function. PFTs are important for diagnosing and monitoring lung diseases, and they measure the volume of air inhaled and exhaled, as well as airflow.

A patient with active tuberculosis should be isolated in a negative pressure room to minimize the risk of spreading infection to others. This helps contain the spread of airborne bacteria.

If a patient's sputum culture remains positive after three months of tuberculosis treatment, it may indicate drug resistance. Further investigation is needed to determine the best course of action.

Pertussis is best prevented through vaccination. Pregnant women are recommended to receive a Tdap vaccine during their third trimester.

Azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin are commonly used antibiotics to treat Pertussis. Cough medication should be avoided. Fluids are essential to prevent dehydration, and small, frequent meals can help reduce vomiting.

In older adults, lungs become stiffer, breathing capacity diminishes, and the chest wall becomes more rigid. These changes can reduce oxygen intake.

Pneumonia is more common in older adults, with over half of cases affecting those over 65 years old. Residents of long-term care facilities face a particularly high risk. Common causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae, gram-negative bacilli, and Staphylococcus aureus.