Immunology Overview and Tuberculosis Management

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of IgM in the immune response?

Completely destroys old red blood cells in the spleen

Binds to mast cells and mediates allergic reactions

Initiates the complement system and responds to infections (correct)

Acts as a B-cell receptor and stimulates IgD release

Which immunoglobulin is primarily associated with allergic reactions?

IgM

IgD

IgG

IgE (correct)

What describes the role of the spleen in the immune system?

Filters blood and destroys old and injured red blood cells (correct)

Separates red blood cells from lymphocytes

Stores lymphocytes and activates complement proteins

Only produces antibodies in response to infections

Which lymphocyte type is crucial for stimulating the immune system after recognizing antigens?

Effector Helper T Cells Signup and view all the answers

Which function is most likely associated with IgD?

Serves as a receptor for B-cells and may influence IgM release Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of MERS?

Shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is less common in patients with MERS?

Difficulty sleeping Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms might indicate severe disease in a MERS patient?

Respiratory failure Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT listed as a common finding in MERS patients?

Sneezing Signup and view all the answers

In MERS patients, severe fatigue is classified under which category of symptoms?

Most common Signup and view all the answers

What potential complication may arise from severe COVID-19, according to the content?

Thromboembolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms can be present in MERS patients but is not as frequent?

Heavy legs Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical need for individuals with severe disease from MERS?

Immediate treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum daily dose of ethambutol?

1.6 g Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when using ethambutol?

Visual acuity Signup and view all the answers

How soon is the test result read after injection?

48 to 72 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential serious side effect of ethambutol?

Optic neuritis Signup and view all the answers

At what dose might the reaction of skin rash occur with ethambutol?

15 mg/kg Signup and view all the answers

When should the use of ethambutol be approached with caution?

In patients with renal disease Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the reaction being measured?

Both induration and erythema are present Signup and view all the answers

What kind of drug is ethambutol classified as?

Bacteriostatic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

To speed up impulse conduction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)?

Paresthesia in the limbs Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is associated with Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

Cell-mediated and humoral attack Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is effective for managing symptoms of GBS?

Participating in sitz baths Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice to prevent transmission of genital infections?

Daily bathing and maintaining cleanliness Signup and view all the answers

A notable consequence of GBS progression may lead to which condition?

Tetraplegia Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the risk of developing yeast infections?

Increased hydration Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential impact of the projected increase in HIV cases by 2030?

Increased need for educational programs on HIV Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are commonly associated with infections caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

Swollen lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What behaviours increase the risk of contracting HIV?

Having anal or vaginal sex without a condom Signup and view all the answers

Which HPV types are primarily responsible for cervical cancer?

HPV 16 and 18 Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice to prevent the transmission of STIs?

Informing sexual partners of acquired STIs Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of genital herpes infections?

No cure but manageable with exposure reduction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of preventing unintended HIV transmission?

Sharing clean needles for drug use Signup and view all the answers

Which action is recommended during an outbreak of genital herpes?

Dressing in loose, comfortable clothing Signup and view all the answers

What can be a major source of transmitting infections in healthcare settings?

Accidental needle stick injuries Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Antibodies

IgM: The first immunoglobulin produced in response to bacterial and viral infections.
Activates the complement system.
IgE: Binds to mast cells and basophils.
Responsible for allergic and antiparasitic activity.
Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions.
Combats parasitic infections.
IgD: Acts as a B-cell receptor.
Stimulates the release of IgM.
Possibly influences B-lymphocyte differentiation, but its role is unclear.

The Spleen

Acts as a filter.
Red pulp: Site where old and injured red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed.
White pulp: Contains concentrations of lymphocytes.

Effector Helper T Cells

Activated on recognition of antigens and stimulate the rest of the immune system.

Tuberculosis Management

Ethambutol (Myambutol): 15-25 mg/kg (1.6 g maximum daily dose).
May lead to blindness, skin rash, and optic neuritis.
Use with caution in patients with renal disease or when eye testing is not feasible.
Monitor visual acuity, colour, and discrimination.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

Pneumonia is a common finding.
MERS patients may or may not develop pneumonia.

COVID-19 - Clinical Manifestation

Most common symptoms include: fever, chills, sore throat, runny or blocked nose, sneezing, sore eyes, dizziness, new and persistent cough.
Less common symptoms include: muscle aches, severe fatigue, tight chest, shortness of breath, hoarse voice, numbness or tingling, appetite loss, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss or change of sense of taste or smell, difficulty sleeping.

COVID-19 - Treatment

People with severe disease and those needing hospital treatment should receive treatment as soon as possible.
Severe COVID-19 consequences include death, respiratory failure, sepsis, thromboembolism (blood clots), and multiorgan failure, including injury of the heart, liver, or kidneys.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

Myelin: Speeds up the conduction of impulses from the cell body to the dendrites.
Schwann cell: Produces myelin. Schwann cells can be spared, allowing for remyelination.
GBS: Results from a cell-mediated and humoral immune attack on peripheral nerve myelin proteins, causing inflammatory demyelination.
Begins with muscle weakness and diminished reflexes of the lower extremities.
Hyporeflexia and weakness may progress to tetraplegia.
Paresthesia of the hands and feet and pain.

Nursing Interventions for Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

Provide temporary relief of symptoms with sitz baths.
Wear cotton underwear and avoid douching.
Promote adequate rest, reduce life stress, and maintain a healthy diet low in refined sugars.
Abstain from sexual intercourse when infected.
Consult medical professionals for treatment and inform sexual partners of the infection.

Candidiasis (Yeast Infection)

Tight undergarments, long-term or repeated use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, low estrogen levels, and oral-genital contact.

Human Papillomavirus

Infections are self-limiting and often asymptomatic.
Some infections can cause cervical and anogenital cancers.
HPV lesions can be found in the skin, cervix, vagina, anus, penis, and oral cavity.
HPV types 6 and 11 usually cause condylomata (warty growths).
HPV types 16 and 18 account for 66% of cervical cancer.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Prevention

Abstain from sexual intercourse during treatment.
Practice appropriate hygiene, including hand hygiene, perineal cleanliness, gentle washing of lesions with mild soap and running water, drying the lesions lightly.
Use barrier methods during sexual contact.
Inform sexual partners of acquired STI.
Wear loose, comfortable clothing, eat a balanced diet, drink adequate fluids, and get adequate rest during outbreaks.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

No cure for genital herpes infection.
Cyclovir (Zovirax) can be used for treatment.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Estimated 215,400 Filipinos living with HIV in 2024.
This number is projected to increase to 401,700 by 2030.
HIV can cause swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, fever, diarrhea, and cough.

Risk Factors for HIV

Anal or vaginal sex without a condom.
Other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and bacterial vaginosis.
Harmful use of alcohol or drugs in the context of sexual behavior.
Sharing contaminated needles, syringes, and other injecting equipment or drug solutions when injecting drugs.
Unsafe injections, blood transfusions, or tissue transplantation.
Medical procedures involving unsterile cutting or piercing, or accidental needle stick injuries, including among health workers.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in immunology, focusing on antibodies, the spleen, and effector helper T cells. Additionally, it includes essential information on the management and risks associated with tuberculosis treatment. Test your knowledge on these vital topics in the immune system and infectious diseases.