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Questions and Answers
What technique is used to indirectly measure pulmonary ventilation through non-invasive chest and abdomen movement evaluation?
What technique is used to indirectly measure pulmonary ventilation through non-invasive chest and abdomen movement evaluation?
Which of the following statements about the normal respiratory rate in adults is correct?
Which of the following statements about the normal respiratory rate in adults is correct?
What is indicated by the presence of digital clubbing in a patient?
What is indicated by the presence of digital clubbing in a patient?
Which of the following is a common site for transcutaneous blood gas electrode placement?
Which of the following is a common site for transcutaneous blood gas electrode placement?
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What does PETCO2 stand for, and what is its significance?
What does PETCO2 stand for, and what is its significance?
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Which breath sound is described as low-pitched and may clear with a cough?
Which breath sound is described as low-pitched and may clear with a cough?
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What does the term platypnea refer to?
What does the term platypnea refer to?
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Which heart sound is associated with the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves?
Which heart sound is associated with the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves?
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Which spinal curvature condition is characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine?
Which spinal curvature condition is characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine?
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Subcutaneous emphysema refers to which of the following conditions?
Subcutaneous emphysema refers to which of the following conditions?
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What is the primary purpose of the chief complaint in a medical context?
What is the primary purpose of the chief complaint in a medical context?
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What immune response is detected by the Mantoux skin test?
What immune response is detected by the Mantoux skin test?
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What does a higher pack year history indicate?
What does a higher pack year history indicate?
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Which term refers to the chronologic narrative account of a patient's health problem?
Which term refers to the chronologic narrative account of a patient's health problem?
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What is a key step in preventing multidrug resistant tuberculosis in patients?
What is a key step in preventing multidrug resistant tuberculosis in patients?
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Which organism is the most common viral cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
Which organism is the most common viral cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
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Which medication is NOT commonly used to treat tuberculosis?
Which medication is NOT commonly used to treat tuberculosis?
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What anatomical difference contributes to the higher incidence of otitis media in children?
What anatomical difference contributes to the higher incidence of otitis media in children?
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Which of the following is characteristic of viruses?
Which of the following is characteristic of viruses?
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Which of the following medications is used specifically to treat RSV?
Which of the following medications is used specifically to treat RSV?
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What is the common treatment for fungal infections like thrush?
What is the common treatment for fungal infections like thrush?
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Which of the following percussion notes is commonly heard over emphysematous lungs?
Which of the following percussion notes is commonly heard over emphysematous lungs?
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What is the primary purpose of autoclaving in sterilization?
What is the primary purpose of autoclaving in sterilization?
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When aspirating equipment for testing, what is the next step after sterile saline is drawn through the lumen?
When aspirating equipment for testing, what is the next step after sterile saline is drawn through the lumen?
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Which PPE is specifically recommended for contact precautions with MRSA?
Which PPE is specifically recommended for contact precautions with MRSA?
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What is the key distinction between airborne and droplet transmission with regard to PPE?
What is the key distinction between airborne and droplet transmission with regard to PPE?
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What is the common respiratory rate that defines tachypnea?
What is the common respiratory rate that defines tachypnea?
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What kind of surfaces is swabbing typically used for during culturing?
What kind of surfaces is swabbing typically used for during culturing?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a human source of infection?
Which of the following is NOT considered a human source of infection?
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Study Notes
Mantoux Skin Test
- Detects immune response, particularly to tuberculosis (TB).
Tuberculosis Management
- Prevent multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) through early diagnosis and adherence to medication regimens.
- Continuous patient monitoring is essential to ensure treatment effectiveness and identify resistance.
Respiratory Infections in Children
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the primary cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under 1 year.
Opportunistic Pathogens
- Candida Albicans (Thrush) is an opportunistic fungal respiratory pathogen.
Otitis Media in Children
- Higher incidence in children due to anatomical differences in the eustachian tubes.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Causes of antibiotic resistance include widespread and overuse of antibiotics and emergence of resistant bacterial strains.
Community-Acquired Pathogens
- Common pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae.
Virus Characteristics
- Composed of genetic material; cannot grow outside host cells; highly contagious and require strict infection control.
Pus Presence
- Indicative of the body fighting an infection.
Tuberculosis Treatment
- Primary medications: Rifampin and Rifabutin.
RSV Treatment
- Managed with Ribavirin.
MRSA Treatment
- Common treatments include Vancomycin, Rifampin, Doxycycline, Delafloxacin, and Linezolid.
Opportunistic Infections in AIDS
- Affecting pathogens: Pneumocystis carinii and Candida albicans (Thrust).
Fungal Infection Medications
- Treatments for thrush include Diflucan, azole antifungals, and Nystatin.
Antibacterial Medications
- Types: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams, Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Sulfonamides, Fluoroquinolones, and Macrolides.
Sputum Specimen Requirements
- Proper criteria: use a sterile container, transport immediately, and ensure sample is sputum, not saliva.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Treatment
- Common antibiotics include Piperacillin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, and Aztreonam.
Tuberculosis Symptoms and Tests
- Symptoms include night sweats, fever, weight loss, and hemoptysis.
- Tests include chest X-ray, tuberculin skin test, blood tests, and microbiological culture.
Pneumocystis carinii Treatment
- Aerosolized medications: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and Pentamidine.
Percussion Sounds
- Resonant: Normal lung sound; loud and low pitch.
- Hypersonant: Over emphysematous lung; very loud and lower pitch.
- Tympanic: Drum-like sound over gastric bubble; loud and high pitch.
- Flat: Soft, high-pitched; found over liver/tumor.
- Dull: Medium intensity; heard over liver or tumor.
Emphysema Chest Abnormality
- Barrel Chest: Increased anterior-posterior diameter.
Tachypnea
- Defined as persistent respiratory rate above 20 breaths per minute.
Sterilization Methods
- Common techniques: Steam, Ethylene Oxide, Hydrogen Peroxide, Gas Plasma, and Peracetic Acid.
Autoclaving Definition
- A procedure involving steam under pressure for sterilization.
Aspiration in Equipment Cleaning
- Sterile saline is drawn through equipment lumens for testing and cultured for analysis.
Swabbing Technique
- Sterile swab used on irregular surfaces for culture inoculation.
Plating Technique
- Culturing procedure to assess growth on surfaces.
Pastuerization Evaluation
- Autoclaving is recommended to assess effectiveness.
Infection Control Precautions
- Airborne: N95 for tuberculosis, smallpox, measles.
- Contact: Gown and gloves for MRSA, VRE, C. diff.
- Droplet: Mask and gloves for flu, mumps, and meningitis.
- Standard/Universal: Gloves as required.
Ventilator Circuit Maintenance
- Change circuits every 7 days or if visibly soiled.
Disease Transmission Routes
- Direct contact, indirect contact, vector-borne (ticks), and vehicle (food).
Breath Sounds
- Rhonchi: Low-pitched; indication of airway obstruction.
- Wheeze: High-pitched; suggests asthma or heart failure.
- Crackles: Fine, discontinuous; indicates pulmonary issues.
- Rub: Scratchy sound from pleural friction.
- Bronchial, Vesicular, Bronchovesicular: Normal lung sounds depending on location.
Medical Terms
- Symptom: Mental or physical feature indicating disease.
- Diagnosis: Identification of disease based on signs/symptoms.
- Chief Complaint: Patient’s primary reason for seeking medical care.
- History of Present Illness: Chronological account of health problems.
Platypnea
- Shortness of breath while sitting or standing, relieved when lying down.
Spinal Curvature Terms
- Kyphosis: Forward curvature.
- Scoliosis: Lateral curvature.
- Lordosis: Backward curvature.
Subcutaneous Emphysema
- Air trapped under the skin tissues.
Diaphragmatic Excursion
- Measures diaphragm movement during inhalation/exhalation.
Heart Sounds
- S1: Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves.
- S2: Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves.
- S3: Low pitch indicating rapid ventricular filling.
- S4: Abnormal sound due to atrial contraction.
Pack Year History Calculation
- Calculation: years smoked multiplied by packs per day.
Normal Vital Signs
- Heart Rate: 60-100 bpm.
- Respiratory Rate: 12-20 breaths per minute.
- Blood Pressure: 120/80 mmHg.
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
- Techniques: Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation.
Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography (RIP)
- Non-invasive evaluation of pulmonary ventilation based on chest and abdomen movements.
CO2 Colorimetric Sensor
- Color change indicates elevated carbon dioxide levels.
Transcutaneous Blood Gas Electrode Sites
- Common placement sites: chest, stomach, back.
Capnograph Waveform Phases
- Important to analyze to understand ventilation patterns.
Orthopnea
- Shortness of breath experienced when lying flat.
Digital Clubbing
- Indicates chronic low oxygen levels or prolonged cyanosis.
SpO2 Monitoring
- Weaning from oxygen therapy typically when SpO2 is greater than 92%.
SpO2 Monitoring Ranges
- Normal range: 95%.
- COPD patient monitoring range: 60-65%.
PETCO2 Definition
- Measurement of carbon dioxide pressure in exhaled air; monitors cardiorespiratory function.
Pericardium
- The chest wall layer overlying the heart.
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Description
This quiz covers key aspects of respiratory infections, particularly in children, and includes the Mantoux skin test for tuberculosis detection. It highlights the challenges of multidrug-resistant TB and addresses antibiotic resistance. Test your knowledge on opportunistic pathogens and common respiratory pathogens in children.
