Questions and Answers
What technique is used to indirectly measure pulmonary ventilation through non-invasive chest and abdomen movement evaluation?
Which of the following statements about the normal respiratory rate in adults is correct?
What is indicated by the presence of digital clubbing in a patient?
Which of the following is a common site for transcutaneous blood gas electrode placement?
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What does PETCO2 stand for, and what is its significance?
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Which breath sound is described as low-pitched and may clear with a cough?
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What does the term platypnea refer to?
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Which heart sound is associated with the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves?
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Which spinal curvature condition is characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine?
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Subcutaneous emphysema refers to which of the following conditions?
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What is the primary purpose of the chief complaint in a medical context?
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What immune response is detected by the Mantoux skin test?
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What does a higher pack year history indicate?
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Which term refers to the chronologic narrative account of a patient's health problem?
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What is a key step in preventing multidrug resistant tuberculosis in patients?
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Which organism is the most common viral cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
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Which medication is NOT commonly used to treat tuberculosis?
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What anatomical difference contributes to the higher incidence of otitis media in children?
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Which of the following is characteristic of viruses?
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Which of the following medications is used specifically to treat RSV?
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What is the common treatment for fungal infections like thrush?
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Which of the following percussion notes is commonly heard over emphysematous lungs?
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What is the primary purpose of autoclaving in sterilization?
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When aspirating equipment for testing, what is the next step after sterile saline is drawn through the lumen?
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Which PPE is specifically recommended for contact precautions with MRSA?
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What is the key distinction between airborne and droplet transmission with regard to PPE?
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What is the common respiratory rate that defines tachypnea?
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What kind of surfaces is swabbing typically used for during culturing?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a human source of infection?
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Study Notes
Mantoux Skin Test
- Detects immune response, particularly to tuberculosis (TB).
Tuberculosis Management
- Prevent multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) through early diagnosis and adherence to medication regimens.
- Continuous patient monitoring is essential to ensure treatment effectiveness and identify resistance.
Respiratory Infections in Children
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the primary cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under 1 year.
Opportunistic Pathogens
- Candida Albicans (Thrush) is an opportunistic fungal respiratory pathogen.
Otitis Media in Children
- Higher incidence in children due to anatomical differences in the eustachian tubes.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Causes of antibiotic resistance include widespread and overuse of antibiotics and emergence of resistant bacterial strains.
Community-Acquired Pathogens
- Common pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae.
Virus Characteristics
- Composed of genetic material; cannot grow outside host cells; highly contagious and require strict infection control.
Pus Presence
- Indicative of the body fighting an infection.
Tuberculosis Treatment
- Primary medications: Rifampin and Rifabutin.
RSV Treatment
- Managed with Ribavirin.
MRSA Treatment
- Common treatments include Vancomycin, Rifampin, Doxycycline, Delafloxacin, and Linezolid.
Opportunistic Infections in AIDS
- Affecting pathogens: Pneumocystis carinii and Candida albicans (Thrust).
Fungal Infection Medications
- Treatments for thrush include Diflucan, azole antifungals, and Nystatin.
Antibacterial Medications
- Types: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams, Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Sulfonamides, Fluoroquinolones, and Macrolides.
Sputum Specimen Requirements
- Proper criteria: use a sterile container, transport immediately, and ensure sample is sputum, not saliva.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Treatment
- Common antibiotics include Piperacillin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, and Aztreonam.
Tuberculosis Symptoms and Tests
- Symptoms include night sweats, fever, weight loss, and hemoptysis.
- Tests include chest X-ray, tuberculin skin test, blood tests, and microbiological culture.
Pneumocystis carinii Treatment
- Aerosolized medications: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and Pentamidine.
Percussion Sounds
- Resonant: Normal lung sound; loud and low pitch.
- Hypersonant: Over emphysematous lung; very loud and lower pitch.
- Tympanic: Drum-like sound over gastric bubble; loud and high pitch.
- Flat: Soft, high-pitched; found over liver/tumor.
- Dull: Medium intensity; heard over liver or tumor.
Emphysema Chest Abnormality
- Barrel Chest: Increased anterior-posterior diameter.
Tachypnea
- Defined as persistent respiratory rate above 20 breaths per minute.
Sterilization Methods
- Common techniques: Steam, Ethylene Oxide, Hydrogen Peroxide, Gas Plasma, and Peracetic Acid.
Autoclaving Definition
- A procedure involving steam under pressure for sterilization.
Aspiration in Equipment Cleaning
- Sterile saline is drawn through equipment lumens for testing and cultured for analysis.
Swabbing Technique
- Sterile swab used on irregular surfaces for culture inoculation.
Plating Technique
- Culturing procedure to assess growth on surfaces.
Pastuerization Evaluation
- Autoclaving is recommended to assess effectiveness.
Infection Control Precautions
- Airborne: N95 for tuberculosis, smallpox, measles.
- Contact: Gown and gloves for MRSA, VRE, C. diff.
- Droplet: Mask and gloves for flu, mumps, and meningitis.
- Standard/Universal: Gloves as required.
Ventilator Circuit Maintenance
- Change circuits every 7 days or if visibly soiled.
Disease Transmission Routes
- Direct contact, indirect contact, vector-borne (ticks), and vehicle (food).
Breath Sounds
- Rhonchi: Low-pitched; indication of airway obstruction.
- Wheeze: High-pitched; suggests asthma or heart failure.
- Crackles: Fine, discontinuous; indicates pulmonary issues.
- Rub: Scratchy sound from pleural friction.
- Bronchial, Vesicular, Bronchovesicular: Normal lung sounds depending on location.
Medical Terms
- Symptom: Mental or physical feature indicating disease.
- Diagnosis: Identification of disease based on signs/symptoms.
- Chief Complaint: Patient’s primary reason for seeking medical care.
- History of Present Illness: Chronological account of health problems.
Platypnea
- Shortness of breath while sitting or standing, relieved when lying down.
Spinal Curvature Terms
- Kyphosis: Forward curvature.
- Scoliosis: Lateral curvature.
- Lordosis: Backward curvature.
Subcutaneous Emphysema
- Air trapped under the skin tissues.
Diaphragmatic Excursion
- Measures diaphragm movement during inhalation/exhalation.
Heart Sounds
- S1: Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves.
- S2: Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves.
- S3: Low pitch indicating rapid ventricular filling.
- S4: Abnormal sound due to atrial contraction.
Pack Year History Calculation
- Calculation: years smoked multiplied by packs per day.
Normal Vital Signs
- Heart Rate: 60-100 bpm.
- Respiratory Rate: 12-20 breaths per minute.
- Blood Pressure: 120/80 mmHg.
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
- Techniques: Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation.
Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography (RIP)
- Non-invasive evaluation of pulmonary ventilation based on chest and abdomen movements.
CO2 Colorimetric Sensor
- Color change indicates elevated carbon dioxide levels.
Transcutaneous Blood Gas Electrode Sites
- Common placement sites: chest, stomach, back.
Capnograph Waveform Phases
- Important to analyze to understand ventilation patterns.
Orthopnea
- Shortness of breath experienced when lying flat.
Digital Clubbing
- Indicates chronic low oxygen levels or prolonged cyanosis.
SpO2 Monitoring
- Weaning from oxygen therapy typically when SpO2 is greater than 92%.
SpO2 Monitoring Ranges
- Normal range: 95%.
- COPD patient monitoring range: 60-65%.
PETCO2 Definition
- Measurement of carbon dioxide pressure in exhaled air; monitors cardiorespiratory function.
Pericardium
- The chest wall layer overlying the heart.
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Description
This quiz covers key aspects of respiratory infections, particularly in children, and includes the Mantoux skin test for tuberculosis detection. It highlights the challenges of multidrug-resistant TB and addresses antibiotic resistance. Test your knowledge on opportunistic pathogens and common respiratory pathogens in children.
