Tropane Alkaloids: Biological Sources and Constituents

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Which plant is the biological source of atropine and hyoscyamine?

Hyoscyamus

Belladonna (correct)

Stramonium

Datura

What is the main tropane alkaloid found in Thorn Apple Leaf (Stramonium)?

Scopolamine (correct)

Belladonine

Atropine

Hyoscyamine

Which drug is used to control saliva production, muscular rigidity, and tremors in Parkinsonism?

Coca leaves

Belladonna

Hyoscyamus (correct)

Stramonium

Which plant is the biological source of cocaine and cinnamylcocaine?

Coca leaves Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Belladonna?

Reduce secretions such as sweat, saliva, and gastric juice Signup and view all the answers

Which drug has parasympatholytic and central nervous system depressant effects and is used in cerebral excitement?

Datura Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaloid is derived from pyridine and is used to relieve spasmodic asthma and chronic bronchitis?

Lobeline Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of quinidine, an alkaloid derived from quinoline?

Prophylaxis of cardiac arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaloid, derived from tubocurarine, is used for muscular relaxation in surgical operations and certain neurological conditions?

Tubocurarine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of papaverine, an alkaloid derived from opium?

Relaxant effects on smooth muscles of the intestinal and bronchial tract and the blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaloid is used as a local anesthetic and due to its toxic and addictive properties, its use is almost entirely confined to ophthalmic, ear, nose, and throat surgery?

Cocaine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of morphine, an alkaloid derived from opium?

Central narcotic effects causing addiction Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaloid, derived from pyridine, is a smoking preparation used for resuscitation of newborn infants?

Lobeline Signup and view all the answers

What are the lower two chambers of the heart called?

Ventricles and atria Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

Pulmonary arteries Signup and view all the answers

Where does the blood return to the heart after delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells?

Left atrium Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body except the lungs?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the upper two chambers of the heart?

Ventricles and atria Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of heart failure?

The inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between systole and diastole?

During systole, the ventricles contract to pump the blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is low output heart failure?

When the heart is weak and cannot pump enough blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is left side heart failure?

When there is a problem in the left ventricle. Signup and view all the answers

What is ischemic heart failure?

When ischemic heart disease is associated with heart failure. Signup and view all the answers

What is stroke volume?

The volume of blood ejected from the heart with each contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What does preload depend on?

The volume of blood returned to the heart and affects wall tension. Signup and view all the answers

What is ejection fraction?

The percentage of LV end diastolic volume ejected during each systolic contraction. Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor for heart failure is non-modifiable?

Age Signup and view all the answers

What is afterload determined by?

Peripheral vascular resistance. Signup and view all the answers