Trauma Management & Orthopaedic Emergencies

<p>Casting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two planes of x-ray and two joints above and below (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A partial or incomplete joint dislocation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gustilo-Anderson classification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knee (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prosthetic joint or recent joint surgery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The wound may have entered the joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of non-sterile conditions for wound inspection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hot swollen joint with pain on movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Joint aspiration and fluid analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection and poor healing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greenstick fracture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Segmented fracture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manage life-threatening injuries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurovascular status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operative intervention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open (Compound) fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce as soon as possible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To manage pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rise of tissue pressure exceeding capillary pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disproportional pain and pain on passive movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic joint inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Call for help early (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of bowel or bladder function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MRI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pale skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compress the limb tightly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A break or interruption in the continuity of a bone.

Displaced fractures have bone fragments shifted from their normal position; undisplaced fractures do not.

Closed fractures do not break the skin; open fractures break the skin.

Simple fractures have one break; comminuted fractures have multiple breaks.

A fracture caused by a disease weakening the bone.

A fracture that occurs in immature bone, with only one side of the bone broken.

Following Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) guidelines to prioritize life-threatening injuries, assess neurovascular status, and promptly reduce fracture dislocations.

Cleaning open wounds and administering intravenous antibiotics, tetanus, and good analgesia to manage open wounds, and conducting surgical interventions for unstable or poorly reduced fractures when necessary.

Anatomical realignment of a broken bone.

Keeping a fractured bone stable using casts, splints, or surgery.

The steps involved in bone repair, from initial tissue damage to complete healing.

Conditions that can hinder the bone's ability to heal properly, such as trauma severity, improper reduction, infection, and more.

Checking for pain, swelling, bruising, loss of function, and other signs of a fracture.

A partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint, where the joint surfaces are only partially disengaged.

A fracture where the bone breaks through the skin, creating a connection between the outside environment and the bone.

A system used to categorize open fractures based on the severity of the wound and the extent of soft tissue damage.

An infection within a joint, which can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses.

A serious medical emergency with a high mortality rate (10-15%), commonly caused by staphylococcus bacteria.

Conditions that increase the risk of developing septic arthritis include: ● Intra-articular corticosteroid injections
● Age over 80 years ● Diabetes mellitus
● Rheumatoid arthritis
● Prosthetic joints or recent joint surgery
● Skin infections or cutaneous ulcers ● IV drug abuse.

Septic arthritis can arise from: ● Osteomyelitis (infection of bone) ● Direct infection from a penetrating wound ● Haematogenous spread (bacteria in the bloodstream, often due to IV drug use)

Patients with septic arthritis often present with: ● Monoarticular arthritis (affecting one joint) ● The knee being the most commonly affected joint ● Other common sites include hip, ankle, shoulder, and wrist ● Hot, swollen joint ● Pain with both passive and active movement ● Diabetic patients may present atypically with just a joint effusion

The following investigations are crucial: ● Joint aspiration and fluid analysis (with ultrasound guidance if needed) ○ Look for elevated white blood cell count and gram stain ○ Culture the fluid for bacteria ● Blood tests
○ Complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and blood cultures ● X-rays of the infected joint are not helpful for diagnosis as they only show abnormalities when joint destruction has occurred.

Antibiotics are administered for 6 weeks, typically 2 weeks intravenously, followed by 4 more weeks orally.

A condition where pressure inside a muscle compartment (like in your leg) gets too high, squeezing blood vessels and nerves, leading to potential damage. This damage can be irreversible if not addressed quickly.

Early signs usually involve pain that's out of proportion to the injury, and pain when you try to move your toes or fingers. This pain is often described as a tight band feeling.

Late signs are more serious, including numbness and tingling (paraesthesia), lack of pulse (pulseless), pale skin, and weakness or inability to move (paralysis).

Treatment involves relieving pressure as soon as possible. This may include removing a cast or dressing, or performing a fasciotomy (surgical incision) to release the pressure.

Cauda equina syndrome occurs when the bundle of nerves at the end of the spinal cord (cauda equina) gets compressed, causing problems with bladder and bowel control, numbness, and weakness in the legs.

Common symptoms include low back pain, pain in the groin and perineum, difficulty with bladder and bowel control, numbness in the 'saddle area' (around the anus and genitals), and weakness in the legs.

Early treatment is crucial to prevent permanent damage, including loss of bladder and bowel function and ongoing weakness in the legs.

The main treatment for cauda equina syndrome is surgery to relieve the pressure on the nerves. This usually involves removing whatever is causing the compression.