Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the components contributing to the development of trauma and stressor-related disorders?

Income level

Childhood experiences (correct)

Nutritional habits

Geographic location

What technique involves moving the eyes in a rhythmic manner to address trauma?

Mindfulness meditation

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) (correct)

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Exposure therapy

Which of the following is a common psychophysiological disorder?

Panic disorder

Anxiety

Ulcers (correct)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Which of the following factors is NOT a contributor to psychophysiological disorders?

Social support systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of clinical health psychology?

Promotion of health and prevention of illness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disciplines is NOT required knowledge for clinical health psychology?

Marketing Signup and view all the answers

What personality style is associated with an increased likelihood of overreacting to stressors?

Type A personality Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditions can clinical health psychology help treat?

Both chronic and acute health problems Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes dissociative disorders from other disorders?

Significant changes in memory Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the somatization pattern?

Symptoms always have a clear physical cause Signup and view all the answers

What does the psychodynamic view suggest about the primary gain from somatic symptoms?

Symptoms keep internal conflicts out of awareness Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly focused on the causes of somatic symptom disorders?

Insight therapy Signup and view all the answers

What defines dissociative amnesia?

Selective memory loss related to specific events Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

Development of two or more distinct personalities Signup and view all the answers

What treatment involves the use of barbiturates for patients with dissociative disorders?

To promote memory retrieval Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary symptom of depersonalization-derealization disorder?

Episodes of feeling detached from oneself Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant characteristic of unipolar depression?

Low, sad state with overwhelming challenges Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential role of GABA inactivity in the context of anxiety?

Reduces anxiety through specific receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the treatment of dissociative identity disorder?

Patients often integrate slowly over many years Signup and view all the answers

What central concept do somatic and dissociative disorders share?

Both occur as a response to severe stress Signup and view all the answers

An episode of dissociative fugue is characterized by which of the following?

Forgetting identity and relocating Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about somatic symptom disorder?

It does not affect physical health Signup and view all the answers

What type of depressive disorder is characterized by a longer-lasting but less disabling pattern of depression?

Dysthymic disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with mania?

Social withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

What biochemical factor can trigger unipolar depression according to the content?

Abnormal melatonin secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of the cognitive view of depression?

Maladaptive assumptions about experiences Signup and view all the answers

In diagnosing bipolar disorder, what defines a hypomanic episode?

Mildly elevated mood lasting less than a week Signup and view all the answers

What psychological model suggests that schizophrenia develops in the presence of certain stressors?

Diathesis-stress model Signup and view all the answers

Which type of depression is indicated by severe temper outbursts in children?

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder Signup and view all the answers

What kind of treatment has been shown to perform well in research for mood disorders?

Cognitive behavioral therapy Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of schizophrenia do symptoms become apparent and marked deterioration occurs?

Active phase Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the biochemical explanation of schizophrenia?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What type of disorder describes a combination of hypomanic and mild depressive episodes?

Cyclothymic disorder Signup and view all the answers

What are the three groups of symptoms associated with schizophrenia?

Positive, negative, cognitive deficits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Alogia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Severity of trauma, the survivor's biological processes, personality traits, childhood experiences, and social support systems all contribute to the development of trauma and stressor-related disorders.
Scientific understanding of the interplay between cognitive, behavioral, biological, emotional, and social factors in health and disease is crucial.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) involves rhythmic eye movements while confronting avoided images, but critics question if the eye movement itself is helpful or if the exposure to the images is.

Physical Stress Disorders

Stress significantly impacts physical health and functioning.
Psychological disorders can lead to actual physical damage.
These disorders differ from factitious and somatic symptom disorders.
Common psychophysiological disorders include ulcers, asthma, insomnia, headaches, high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease.
Biological factors (e.g., issues in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathways), psychological factors (e.g., overreactions to stressors, Type A personality), and sociocultural factors (e.g., poverty) contribute to the development of psychophysiological disorders.

Clinical Health Psychology

Clinical health psychology applies scientific knowledge of the interrelationships among cognitive, behavioral, biological, emotional, and social factors in health and disease.
This field promotes health, prevents illness, and improves healthcare systems, focusing on behavioral medicine, medical psychology, and psychosomatic medicine.
Clinical health psychology requires expertise in biology, pharmacology, anatomy, human physiology, pathophysiology, and psychoneuroimmunology.
This field studies how cognitive factors influence health behaviors and impact physical illness (onset, response, recovery).
Clinical health psychology has helped manage major chronic diseases such as AIDS and cancer, as well as acute health issues like surgery.

Psychological Treatments for Physical Disorders

Clinicians have utilized psychological treatments (e.g., meditation) to address medical problems associated with stress and other psychological factors.
Meditation/awareness techniques increase emotional awareness and expression.

Disorders Focusing on Somatic Symptoms

Psychosocial factors can cause somatic symptoms or excessive concern about symptoms.
Somatization pattern involves long-lasting physical symptoms with little or no organic basis.
People with this pattern often describe symptoms dramatically and excessively.
Somatization pattern is more common in women and runs in families.

Disorders Focusing on Dissociative Symptoms

Dissociative disorders involve significant memory loss or identity disruptions.

Commonalities of Somatic and Dissociative Disorders

Both often occur in response to severe stress.
Historically, they've been viewed as escapes from stress.

Predominant Pain Pattern

A pain pattern is considered predominant if pain is the primary somatic symptom.
It develops subsequent to an incident involving genuine pain.
It can begin at any age.

Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorder

Historically, somatic symptoms were often labelled as hysterical disorders.
Psychodynamic view: Symptoms serve as primary gain (keeping internal conflicts out of awareness) or secondary gain (avoiding unpleasant activities or receiving sympathy).
Behavioral view: Symptoms are rewarded by the sufferer.
Cognitive view: Symptoms are a way to express difficult emotions.
Multicultural view: Some cultures view somatic symptom expression as normal.
Biological view: Placebos show the power of suggestion on releasing endogenous chemicals.

Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorder

Therapists often address the disorder's causes using techniques like insight, exposure, and sometimes drug therapy (e.g., antidepressants).

Dissociative Disorders

Memory plays a key role in identity, and dissociative disorders involve memory changes with no clear physical cause.
Types include dissociative amnesia/fugue, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization-derealization disorder.

Dissociative Amnesia

Selective Amnesia: Loss of some memories.
Localized Amnesia: Loss of all memories of events in a specific time period.
Generalized Amnesia: Loss of memory beginning with an event and extending backward, with potential loss of identity and recognition of loved ones.
Continuous Amnesia: Forgetting events going forward.
Dissociative Fugue: Extreme amnesia leading to fleeing and adopting a new identity. It typically resolves on its own, without lasting issues.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Two or more distinct personalities develop.
One personality, the primary or host personality, is most prominent.
Onset is typically in adolescence or early adulthood, commonly starting before age 5.
Judith G. Armstrong suggests a possible link between childhood maltreatment and the ability to dissociate, preserving intellectual skills and emotional responses.

Differences in DID Subpersonalities

Subpersonalities can differ in age, sex, race, etc.
Abilities (e.g., knowledge) could be impacted, particularly in memory-related aspects.

Psychodynamic View of DID

Believes that DID arises from severe childhood trauma and excessive repression.
Dissociative amnesia/fugue is viewed as a single episode of massive repression, whereas DID represents a lifelong pattern of trauma and repression.

Treatment of Dissociative Disorders

Treatment aims to regain memories and integrate the different personalities into a single, unified self.

Dissociative Disorder Treatment

Some injections involving barbiturates were used to help recover memories, often referred to as "truth serums" due to their calming effect.
GABA inactivity is relevant: Benzodiazepines reduce anxiety through specific GABA-A receptor binding.

How DID is Treated

Diagnosis: Establish a bond with the primary personality.
Memory recovery: Help recover lost memories.
Integration: Merge subpersonalities into a single identity. Ongoing therapy needed to maintain the integrated personality.

Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder

Depersonalization-derealization disorders are included within the dissociative disorders in DSM-5 although they are not typically associated with memory impairment.
Central symptoms are episodes of depersonalization (altered self-experience) and derealization (surroundings feel unreal).
Illustrative example quoted from a person experiencing depersonalization-derealization symptoms and comparing some details related to art and literature.
Symptoms: persistent or recurrent, causing distress, and interfering with social relationships and functioning.

Disorders of Mood (Lecture 22-24)

Depression: Low, sad state. Life seems overwhelming.
Mania: Euphoria or frenzied energy.
Unipolar Depression: Only depression, with no history of mania.
Bipolar Disorder: Mania alternating with depression.
Mood problems affect millions, with significant economic costs.
Women are more prone to serious unipolar depression.

Symptoms of Unipolar Depression

Emotional, motivational, cognitive, behavioral, and physical symptoms.

Types of Depressive Disorders

Major depressive disorder.
Dysthymic disorder: Longer-lasting, less severe depression.

Diagnosing Unipolar Depression

New depressive disorders:
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (significant depression before period)
- Disruptive mood regulation disorder (temper outbursts in children)

Causes of Unipolar Depression

Stress can be a trigger.
Genetic predisposition.
Biochemical factors-other neurotransmitters involved, abnormal melatonin secretion. Anatomical factors-prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, brodmann area 25.
Behavioral views (modest research) and cognitive views (considerable research)
Behavioral view: Depression linked to changes in rewards/punishments.
Cognitive view: Negative thinking (maladaptive assumptions, cognitive triad). Learned helplessness (feeling lack of control): internal, global, stable attributions.
Family/social perspective: Relationship amongst rewards, social and life events.

Bipolar Disorders

Episodes of depression and mania.

Symptoms of Mania

Elevated mood, impacting emotional, motivational, cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning.

Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder

Manic episode for at least one week (symptoms most of the day).
Hypomanic episode: Less severe mania.
Bipolar I: Full manic and major depressive episodes.
Bipolar II: Hypomanic and major depressive episodes.
Rapid cycling: Four or more cycles within a year.
Seasonal: Episodes tied to seasons.

Causes of Bipolar Disorders

Genetic factors.

Treatments for Mood Disorders

Mood disorders respond well to various treatments.
Drug groups: Antidepressants (MAOIs, SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs), antibipolar drugs (mood stabilizers).
Psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) are also used.

Psychosis

Loss of contact with reality, including:
- Hallucinations: False sensory perceptions.
- Delusions: False beliefs.

Schizophrenia

Affects about 1 in 100 people.
Significant clinical picture variations.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms: Delusions, disorganized thoughts/speech, heightened perceptions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect, psychomotor symptoms (awkward movements). Catatonic stupor/excitement.
Negative symptoms: Poverty of speech (alogia), diminished emotional expression (restricted affect), loss of volition, social withdrawal.
Cognitive deficits: Impairment in working memory.

Course of Schizophrenia

Prodromal, active, and residual phases.

Explaining Schizophrenia

Diathesis-stress model: Combination of vulnerability and stressors.
Biological explanations: Excessive dopamine levels are implicated.
Antipsychotic drugs (dopamine antagonists).

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Description

This quiz explores the intricacies of trauma and stressor-related disorders, including their development and underlying factors such as biology and social support. It also touches on therapeutic approaches like Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and discusses the impact of stress on physical health.