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The study of ______ is essential for understanding Systems & Integrated Physiology.
Physiology
The ______ is a mechanism that facilitates the absorption of glucose.
Na+/Glucose cotransporter
Bulk uptake of water is different from ______ water uptake.
regulated
One simple observation in Physiology is credited with saving the lives of over ______ children.
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Nerve ______ is an important aspect of the integrated physiology system.
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The body is organized into various ______, including systems and tissues.
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There are a total of ______ systems in human physiology.
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Studying one aspect of Physiology can help to ______ other areas.
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Insulin is a type of _____ that regulates blood sugar levels.
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The _______ is responsible for synthesizing proteins within the cell.
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During ________, cells take in substances from their external environment.
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The _____ is an organelle responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
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The _______ transport process is key for glucose absorption in the intestines.
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Glucose must leave intestine & enter ______
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Epithelial cells are joined by ______ junctions
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The outside face of epithelial cells is referred to as the ______ surface
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Glucose concentration in the intestinal lumen is ______
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If the diffusion coefficient (Dc) is greater than 0, solute will move by spontaneous ______
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Glucose cannot enter cells against its ______ gradient by diffusion
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Tight junctions can be ______ or leaky depending on their composition.
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Glucose is transported out of epithelial cells through the ______ membrane
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Sodium levels are ______ in the lumen and high in the epithelial cells.
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If the permeability (P) is zero, a ______ protein is required for transport.
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The mechanism of glucose absorption is facilitated by the Na+/Glucose ______.
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Bulk uptake of water occurs via the ______ pathway.
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Tight junctions in the small intestine and kidney tubules are described as being a bit ______.
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Water is absorbed from the lumen to the interstitial fluid based on the presence of an ______ gradient.
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In healthy individuals, the absorption of water is a ______ process.
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Water flows down its concentration ______.
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H2O flows up an osmotic ______.
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The biggest medical breakthrough of the 20th ______ was significant for advancements in health.
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Water is absorbed in the ______ of the gut through various mechanisms.
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Regulated water uptake differs from ______ water uptake in terms of control mechanisms.
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The Na+/Glu Symporter allows glucose to enter the cell down its ______ gradient.
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Na+ is pumped out of the ______ membrane.
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Glucose leaves the epithelial cells via a ______.
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Na+ must cross the apical membrane using the Na+/Glu ______.
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The entry of Na+ and glucose creates a large osmotic ______ across the cell.
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Water enters the body through paracellular flow via 'leaky' tight ______.
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Na+ enters the interstitial space via the Na+ ______ on the basolateral membrane.
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The main effect of the transport processes is to absorb ______.
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The epithelial cells have ______ junctions that contribute to water flow.
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The glucose uniporter facilitates the movement of glucose from inside the cell to the ______ space.
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Study Notes
Transport across cell membranes
- Glucose is absorbed from the intestine and into the bloodstream.
- Glucose must cross several cell membranes to get from the intestine to the bloodstream to the muscle cell.
- Epithelial cells are polarized and joined by tight junctions.
- Tight junctions are composed of varying proteins and can be "leaky" or "tight".
- Epithelial cells form a barrier to solutes and water.
- Na+/Glucose cotransporter is an active transport mechanism for glucose absorption.
Bulk Absorption of water
- Water is absorbed from the gut and kidney tubules via paracellular pathway.
- "Leaky" tight junctions in the small intestine and kidney tubules permit water absorption.
- Water moves with the osmotic gradient, which is maintained by the Na+/glucose cotransporter.
- The Na+/glucose cotransporter pumps sodium ions into the cell, creating a concentration gradient that pulls water into the cell.
Glucose Uptake in Cells
- Glucose is transported into the epithelial cells via the Na+/glucose cotransporter.
- Sodium ions (Na+) are pumped out of the epithelial cell using the Na+/K+ ATPase pump.
- Glucose leaves the epithelial cell via the uniporter on the basolateral side of the cell.
- This creates a continuous osmotic gradient that drives water absorption from the intestinal lumen into the interstital space.
Cellular Processes
- Exocytosis and endocytosis are two important cellular transport mechanisms.
- Exocytosis is the process of releasing substances from the cell.
- Endocytosis is the process of taking substances into the cell (such as bacteria, viruses, or LDL cholesterol).
- The lysosome is an organelle involved in endocytosis and exocytosis.
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that can break down materials taken into the cell via endocytosis.
- Endocytosis and exocytosis are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function.
Medical Breakthrough
- The discovery of the Na+/glucose cotransporter is considered a major medical breakthrough of the 20th century.
- This discovery led to the development of oral rehydration therapy which has saved over 40,000,000 children from dehydration.
Physiology and Integrated Physiology
- Understanding the function of individual systems is essential for understanding overall physiology.
- Understanding transport across cell membranes is crucial for understanding how systems function.
- Physiology is a complex subject that integrates the functions of the many systems of the body to maintain homeostasis.
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Description
This quiz covers the transport of glucose and water across cell membranes, focusing on epithelial cells and their tight junctions. It examines mechanisms such as the Na+/Glucose cotransporter and how osmotic gradients facilitate absorption. Test your knowledge on cellular transport processes and their physiological significance.
