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Questions and Answers
The body is organised into systems, tissues, cells, and ______.
genes
One of the key transport processes across cell membranes involves ______ potentials.
bio-electric
The mechanism of glucose absorption is facilitated by the Na+/______ cotransporter.
glucose
Bulk uptake of ______ is different from regulated water uptake.
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According to studies, the biggest medical breakthrough of the 20th Century saved the lives of over ______ children.
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Understanding one aspect of physiology can help in understanding other ______.
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Nerve physiology is a vital component of understanding the other ______ systems.
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Transport processes and bio-electric potentials form the basis for understanding system ______.
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Na+ can enter via the Na/Glu ______ and H2O will follow.
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The discovery of Na+/glucose co-transporter has saved over ______ children from death each year.
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Secretion of H2O is the opposite of absorption of ______.
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The bulk uptake of water is facilitated by the Na+/Glucose ______.
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Sweat is salty due to the export of ______ followed by H2O and Na+.
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The mechanism of glucose absorption involves the Na+/______ cotransporter.
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Bulk uptake of water occurs through the ______ pathway in the gut.
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In the kidney, the reabsorption of water mainly takes place in the proximal ______.
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Tight junctions in the small intestine and kidney tubules are somewhat '______'.
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Water is absorbed in healthy individuals as a constitutive ______.
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Water flows up an osmotic gradient when there is sufficient ______ gradient.
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The biggest medical breakthrough of the 20th Century is often attributed to improvements in ______ uptake.
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H2O flows down its concentration ______.
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Control of H2O movement in the body is essential for maintaining ______.
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Bulk absorption of water is a key function of the ______ in the gut.
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The ______ of the intestine has a low concentration of glucose.
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______ is maintained at a high concentration in the lumen of the intestine.
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Epithelial cells exhibit a ______ concentration of glucose.
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The interstitial space has a ______ concentration of glucose.
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The ______ pump helps keep intracellular Na+ low.
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The Na+/glucose co-transporter uses energy from the concentration ______ to transport Na+ and glucose into the cell.
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A gradient for Na+ entry from the lumen is created by low ______ concentration inside the cells.
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Na/Glu ______ on the apical membrane assist in glucose absorption.
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Glucose enters the interstitial space via a glucose ______.
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Na+ enters the cells via the symporter down its ______.
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Na+ and glucose contribute to the osmotic ______ within the cell.
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Water leaves the lumen and travels through ______ tight junctions.
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The energy released from Na+ movement is used to move ______ into the cells against its gradient.
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The process of glucose entering the cells is supported by ______ transport mechanisms.
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In the kidney, regulated absorption of water takes place in the ______ collecting duct.
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In well-hydrated conditions, ADH levels are very low or ______.
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AQP-2 is retained in the cytoplasm, while AQP-1 is located in the ______ membrane.
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In the regulated absorption process, tight junctions in the epithelial cells are ______ to water.
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Bulk absorption occurs in the ______ and kidney tubules.
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The net movement of small volumes of water in the kidney occurs via the transcellular ______.
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Study Notes
Transport Across Cell Membranes
- Glucose and water absorption are crucial physiological processes
- Glucose absorption is mediated by the Na+/Glucose cotransporter
- This symporter utilizes the concentration gradient of Na+ to transport glucose against its gradient
- This energy-efficient mechanism is responsible for the bulk uptake of water in the gut and kidney tubules
- The Na+/Glucose cotransporter plays a significant role in maintaining osmotic gradients across the gut epithelium
- The tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells are "leaky," allowing for the paracellular movement of water
- This bulk water absorption is a constitutive process in healthy individuals
- Regulated water uptake in the kidney collecting duct involves aquaporins (AQPs) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- In a well-hydrated state, ADH levels are low, and AQP-2 is retained in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, leading to dilute urine
- When dehydrated, ADH levels increase, promoting AQP-2 translocation to the membrane, facilitating water reabsorption and concentrated urine
Oral Rehydration Therapy
- Understanding the Na+/Glucose cotransporter led to the development of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)
- ORT has saved millions of children from dehydration and death due to diarrhea
- This therapy effectively replenishes lost fluids and electrolytes, crucial for rehydration
Secretion of Water
- Sweating is an example of water secretion, the opposite of absorption
- Secretion of water utilizes Cl- export, followed by passive movement of water and Na+
- This process results in the production of salty sweat
- CFTR, a protein involved in Cl- transport, plays a critical role in sweating
Exocytosis
- Exocytosis is the process of releasing proteins or inserting membrane proteins into the cell membrane
- This mechanism is involved in the secretion of neurotransmitters, hormones, and other proteins
- Exocytosis also plays a vital role in the insertion of membrane proteins such as the Na+ pump
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Description
This quiz covers the mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, particularly focusing on glucose and water absorption in the gut and kidney. Learn about the Na+/Glucose cotransporter and the role of aquaporins and antidiuretic hormone in water regulation. Test your understanding of these critical physiological processes.
