Transport Across Cell Membranes
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Questions and Answers

The body is organised into systems, tissues, cells, and ______.

genes

One of the key transport processes across cell membranes involves ______ potentials.

bio-electric

The mechanism of glucose absorption is facilitated by the Na+/______ cotransporter.

glucose

Bulk uptake of ______ is different from regulated water uptake.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to studies, the biggest medical breakthrough of the 20th Century saved the lives of over ______ children.

<p>40,000,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Understanding one aspect of physiology can help in understanding other ______.

<p>areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nerve physiology is a vital component of understanding the other ______ systems.

<p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transport processes and bio-electric potentials form the basis for understanding system ______.

<p>function</p> Signup and view all the answers

Na+ can enter via the Na/Glu ______ and H2O will follow.

<p>Symporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

The discovery of Na+/glucose co-transporter has saved over ______ children from death each year.

<p>1,000,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secretion of H2O is the opposite of absorption of ______.

<p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bulk uptake of water is facilitated by the Na+/Glucose ______.

<p>cotransporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sweat is salty due to the export of ______ followed by H2O and Na+.

<p>Cl-</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mechanism of glucose absorption involves the Na+/______ cotransporter.

<p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bulk uptake of water occurs through the ______ pathway in the gut.

<p>paracellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the kidney, the reabsorption of water mainly takes place in the proximal ______.

<p>tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tight junctions in the small intestine and kidney tubules are somewhat '______'.

<p>leaky</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water is absorbed in healthy individuals as a constitutive ______.

<p>process</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water flows up an osmotic gradient when there is sufficient ______ gradient.

<p>osmotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biggest medical breakthrough of the 20th Century is often attributed to improvements in ______ uptake.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

H2O flows down its concentration ______.

<p>gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

Control of H2O movement in the body is essential for maintaining ______.

<p>homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bulk absorption of water is a key function of the ______ in the gut.

<p>intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of the intestine has a low concentration of glucose.

<p>lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is maintained at a high concentration in the lumen of the intestine.

<p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epithelial cells exhibit a ______ concentration of glucose.

<p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interstitial space has a ______ concentration of glucose.

<p>low</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ pump helps keep intracellular Na+ low.

<p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Na+/glucose co-transporter uses energy from the concentration ______ to transport Na+ and glucose into the cell.

<p>gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

A gradient for Na+ entry from the lumen is created by low ______ concentration inside the cells.

<p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

Na/Glu ______ on the apical membrane assist in glucose absorption.

<p>symporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucose enters the interstitial space via a glucose ______.

<p>uniporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Na+ enters the cells via the symporter down its ______.

<p>gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

Na+ and glucose contribute to the osmotic ______ within the cell.

<p>gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water leaves the lumen and travels through ______ tight junctions.

<p>&quot;leaky&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

The energy released from Na+ movement is used to move ______ into the cells against its gradient.

<p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of glucose entering the cells is supported by ______ transport mechanisms.

<p>active</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the kidney, regulated absorption of water takes place in the ______ collecting duct.

<p>collecting</p> Signup and view all the answers

In well-hydrated conditions, ADH levels are very low or ______.

<p>absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

AQP-2 is retained in the cytoplasm, while AQP-1 is located in the ______ membrane.

<p>apical</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the regulated absorption process, tight junctions in the epithelial cells are ______ to water.

<p>impermeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bulk absorption occurs in the ______ and kidney tubules.

<p>gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

The net movement of small volumes of water in the kidney occurs via the transcellular ______.

<p>pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Transport Across Cell Membranes

  • Glucose and water absorption are crucial physiological processes
  • Glucose absorption is mediated by the Na+/Glucose cotransporter
  • This symporter utilizes the concentration gradient of Na+ to transport glucose against its gradient
  • This energy-efficient mechanism is responsible for the bulk uptake of water in the gut and kidney tubules
  • The Na+/Glucose cotransporter plays a significant role in maintaining osmotic gradients across the gut epithelium
  • The tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells are "leaky," allowing for the paracellular movement of water
  • This bulk water absorption is a constitutive process in healthy individuals
  • Regulated water uptake in the kidney collecting duct involves aquaporins (AQPs) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • In a well-hydrated state, ADH levels are low, and AQP-2 is retained in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, leading to dilute urine
  • When dehydrated, ADH levels increase, promoting AQP-2 translocation to the membrane, facilitating water reabsorption and concentrated urine

Oral Rehydration Therapy

  • Understanding the Na+/Glucose cotransporter led to the development of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)
  • ORT has saved millions of children from dehydration and death due to diarrhea
  • This therapy effectively replenishes lost fluids and electrolytes, crucial for rehydration

Secretion of Water

  • Sweating is an example of water secretion, the opposite of absorption
  • Secretion of water utilizes Cl- export, followed by passive movement of water and Na+
  • This process results in the production of salty sweat
  • CFTR, a protein involved in Cl- transport, plays a critical role in sweating

Exocytosis

  • Exocytosis is the process of releasing proteins or inserting membrane proteins into the cell membrane
  • This mechanism is involved in the secretion of neurotransmitters, hormones, and other proteins
  • Exocytosis also plays a vital role in the insertion of membrane proteins such as the Na+ pump

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Related Documents

Lecture 5 Transport II.pptx

Description

This quiz covers the mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, particularly focusing on glucose and water absorption in the gut and kidney. Learn about the Na+/Glucose cotransporter and the role of aquaporins and antidiuretic hormone in water regulation. Test your understanding of these critical physiological processes.

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