Translation and Interpreting

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between a translator and an interpreter?

Translator works in written mode with delayed delivery, while an interpreter works in oral mode in real time.

Which interpreting type involves rendering spoken or signed information from a source language to a target language in oral form?

Consecutive interpreting

Simultaneous interpreting (correct)

Liaison interpreting

Community interpreting

In interpreting, attitude and register are not considered important aspects to convey from the source language to the target language.

False

In consecutive interpreting, the interpreter waits for the speaker to finish a sentence or an idea, and then renders the speaker's words into the ______ language.

target Signup and view all the answers

What is a culture bump?

A culture bump occurs when an individual from one culture finds themselves in a different, strange, or uncomfortable situation when interacting with persons of a different culture. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of culture is direct communication more prevalent?

Low context culture Signup and view all the answers

In a high context culture, non-verbal communication plays a significant role.

True Signup and view all the answers

In achieving cultures, status is accorded based on ___________.

achievements Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between consecutive and simultaneous interpreting?

Use of booth for interpretation Signup and view all the answers

Simultaneous interpreting allows for extensive cultural mediation.

False Signup and view all the answers

Dialogue interpreting involves '______-mediated communication in spontaneous face-to-face interaction'.

interpreter Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'presumption of invisibility' in interpreting?

interpreter is invisible Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of interpreting with their respective settings:

Community-oriented interpreting = Public service interpreting Business-oriented or escort interpreting = Interpreting in business settings Courtroom interpreting in national courts = Legal settings Interpreting in pedagogical settings = Educational environments Signup and view all the answers

What does a community interpreter help with?

Assisting with public services for those with language barriers Signup and view all the answers

Which skills are required in dialogue interpreting?

Discursive competence and professional quality Signup and view all the answers

Interpreters and mediators always have clear, distinct roles.

False Signup and view all the answers

Community interpreters assist people who do not speak the societal __________ well enough to enable them to access services.

language Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of constructive conflict in negotiations?

Coming to a mutual solution Signup and view all the answers

What does BATNA stand for in negotiations?

Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement Signup and view all the answers

Linguistic asymmetry in business negotiations can lead to misunderstandings.

True Signup and view all the answers

___ cues are features of linguistic form that contribute to signaling contextual presuppositions.

Contextualization Signup and view all the answers

In high-context cultures like Chinese and Japanese, conflict is often seen as:

An expression of personal hostility Signup and view all the answers

What article in the AITI Code of Ethics emphasizes the duty to act with probity and dignity?

Article 5 Signup and view all the answers

Conversation analysis focuses on various types of interactions such as police interviews, doctor-patient communication, and business negotiations.

True Signup and view all the answers

CA is the study of recorded, naturally occurring _____-in-interaction.

talk Signup and view all the answers

According to Hall (1989), what is considered more important than job completion?

Being nice, courteous, considerate, kind, and sociable to other human beings Signup and view all the answers

What concept is very broadly identified with low and high context?

Context Signup and view all the answers

In Anglo-American culture, someone can say something while someone else is speaking.

False Signup and view all the answers

Translation transference is the process of transferring a source language word to a target language text as a __________ procedure.

translation Signup and view all the answers

Match the translation procedures with their descriptions:

Transference = Process of transferring a source language word to a target language text Cultural equivalent = Approximate translation where a source language cultural word is translated by a target language cultural word Deletion = Omission of a lexical item due to grammatical or semantic patterns of the receptor language Functional equivalent = Requires use of a culture-free word for a cultural word, neutralizing the original word Signup and view all the answers

What determined the satisfaction score on the GP patient survey?

The level of satisfaction of patients with their General Practitioners. Signup and view all the answers

What was missing in the call to a double-glazing company according to Stokoe?

In the context of Stokoe's definition, the presence of visual cues or non-verbal communication was missing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the topic of Elizabeth Stokoe's lecture?

How to Control a Conversation with a Single Word Signup and view all the answers

What do conversation analysts do?

Study patterns and regularities in conversations. Signup and view all the answers

How does Stokoe define the phenomenon in the healthcare setting?

Stokoe defines the phenomenon in the healthcare setting as 'public service interpreting' (PSI). Signup and view all the answers

What term does ISO 13611:2014 use to define healthcare interpreters?

ISO 13611:2014 defines healthcare interpreters as a subcategory of community interpreters. Signup and view all the answers

What metaphor does Stokoe use to describe difficulties in communication?

Trudging through molasses Signup and view all the answers

According to the insight of conversation analysis (CA), talk is...

systematic Signup and view all the answers

What is a major responsibility on the mediator in healthcare settings?

Ensuring accurate communication between healthcare professionals and patients Signup and view all the answers

In most countries, medical institutions are required by law to provide professional interpreting services.

False Signup and view all the answers

Can we observe a certain pattern used to make questions about a relationship history in a speed-date context more effective?

Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Conversation Analysis?

Regularities and patterns in responses Signup and view all the answers

What are the main symbols used to represent intonation units in conversation transcription?

|| Signup and view all the answers

Latching is a term used in Conversation Analysis to refer to the absence of 'natural beat of silence' between two turn constructional units. Latching is represented by =

equal sign Signup and view all the answers

Adjacency pairs in conversation link turns that are independent of each other.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following turn-taking signal with its description:

Intonation / prosodic signal = Terminating pitch contour (rise or fall) Lexical signal = Stereotyped expressions like 'but uh' or 'you know' Body movement signal = Termination of hand gesture, downward head movement, steady gaze Signup and view all the answers

According to ISO 13611: 2014, what is the definition of interpreting in the context of community interpreting?

Oral and signed communication that enables access to services for people who have limited proficiency in the language of such services. Signup and view all the answers

What are some institutions where community interpreters assist individuals to access services?

Healthcare institutions Signup and view all the answers

Community interpreters and mediators require the same set of skills.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a translator and an interpreter?

Translator works in written mode with delayed delivery, while interpreter works in oral mode in real-time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of cultural mediators during interpretation?

Conveying the speaker's attitude and cultural nuances Signup and view all the answers

In interpreting, attitudes and register are not considered important.

False Signup and view all the answers

In simultaneous interpreting, there is a very short delay between what the speaker is saying and when the __________ translates.

interpreter Signup and view all the answers

Match the interpreting mode with its description:

Simultaneous interpreting = Voice-over with a short delay Consecutive interpreting = Waiting for the speaker to finish before translating Liaison interpreting = Physically present, unrehearsed talk Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between consecutive interpreting and simultaneous interpreting?

In consecutive interpreting, the interpreter listens to the whole story and then summarizes it, while in simultaneous interpreting, the interpreter speaks at the same time as the speaker. Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'presumption of invisibility of the interpreter'?

The general understanding that the interpreter is invisible to facilitate smoother communication. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of interpreting with their respective settings:

Community-oriented interpreting = Public service interpreting Business-oriented or escort interpreting = Business negotiations and meetings Interpreting in pedagogical settings = Educational environments Interpreting in immigration hearings = Legal proceedings related to immigration Police station interpreting = Interpretation in law enforcement settings Courtroom interpreting in national courts = Legal interpretation in courtrooms Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe issues related to the way in which people conduct negotiations?

Procedural issues Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conflict involves efforts from both sides to come to a mutual solution rather than bargain over positions?

Constructive conflict Signup and view all the answers

In a negotiation process, substantive issues are more important in individualistic and universalistic cultures.

True Signup and view all the answers

The absence of conflict on the ______ level is emphasized, where verbal interactions are considered harmonious when both partners succeed in satisfying their own and their partner's face wants.

interpersonal Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'culture bump'?

What is the main difference between low-context and high-context cultures?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

In achieving cultures, interpreters are expected to be neutral and provide accurate, unbiased accounts of conversations.

True Signup and view all the answers

In high-context cultures, what is considered very important and relied upon?

contextual cues Signup and view all the answers

Match the time perception type with the respective culture:

Monochronic (Germany) = Time is sequential and highly scheduled. Polychronic (Italy) = Time is flexible and not an absolute value Signup and view all the answers

What determined the satisfaction score on the GP patient survey?

Effective communication in healthcare Signup and view all the answers

What was missing in the call to a double-glazing company? How does Stokoe define this phenomenon?

An interpreter was missing. Stokoe defines this phenomenon as Public service/community interpreting. Signup and view all the answers

According to Hall (1989), what is more important than job completion in intercultural communication?

Being nice, courteous, considerate, kind, and sociable to other human beings Signup and view all the answers

What is a common negotiating issue in intercultural communication?

Language issues Signup and view all the answers

Is language given little importance in intercultural communication according to the text?

False Signup and view all the answers

_____ translation attempts to produce an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original text.

Communicative Signup and view all the answers

Match the translation procedure with its description:

Transference = Process of transferring a SL word to a TL text Naturalization = Integrated borrowing for proper names and geographical terms Cultural equivalent = Approximate translation of SL cultural word by TL cultural word Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural groups are considered high-context communicators?

Japanese Signup and view all the answers

Conflict in low-context cultures is seen as an instrument to achieve goals.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a language mediator in business negotiation?

To interpret linguistic behavior and expectations culturally mediated, to facilitate communication and understanding between parties. Signup and view all the answers

Conversation analysis focuses on analyzing the details of a conversation to understand how ___ works.

talk Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of conversation analysis?

regularities and patterns in responses Signup and view all the answers

Which system of conventions is used for transcription in non-native (L2) conversations in English or English as a lingua franca?

VOICE conventions Signup and view all the answers

Turns are the minimal units of conversational interaction. Turn-taking system for conversation can be described in terms of 2 components: Turn-constructional component and Turn-allocation component. Turn-allocation techniques are distributed into two groups: (a) those in which next turn is allocated by current speaker’s selecting the next speaker, and (b) those in which the next turn is allocated by ______.

self-selection Signup and view all the answers

Adjacency pairs represent the next level of organization above the turn in conversation analysis.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is repair in conversation analysis?

various phenomena from errors in turn-taking to forms of correction Signup and view all the answers

According to Elizabeth Stokoe, what metaphor does she use to describe difficulties in communication?

Dance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Interpreting Modes

Interpreting: rendering spoken or signed information from a source language (SL) to a target language (TL) in oral or signed form
Conveying both the register and meaning of the source language content
Attitudes and interpersonal components are important aspects of interpreting

Interpreting Settings

Conference settings: monologic, rehearsed or semi-rehearsed speeches, audience is ratified listeners
Community/Liaison settings: dialogic, fresh unrehearsed talk, spontaneous face-to-face interactions, participants are ratified co-speakers
Different settings require different interpreting modes

Interpreting Modes

Simultaneous interpreting: short delay between speaker's words and interpreter's translation, often used in conference settings
Consecutive interpreting: interpreter waits for speaker to finish a sentence or idea, then translates, often used in community/liaison settings
Semi-consecutive interpreting: hybrid of simultaneous and consecutive interpreting, used in some community/liaison settings

Participation Framework

Recognized participants have a role in the communicative event
Interpreters can be ratified participants, co-speakers, or contributors to the conversation
Participation framework concerns the recognition of participant's status and their rights and obligations

Dialogue Interpreting

Interpreter-mediated communication in spontaneous face-to-face interactions
Recent development in the field of interpreting
Involves triadic exchange, where each party, including the interpreter, is a full participant
Presumption of invisibility of the interpreter is a myth in dialogue settings

Footing

Conversational alignment, position, or role in the three-way exchange
Continuous changes of footing occur in dialogue interpreting
Footing has to do with the role the interpreter plays in the exchange, including animator, reporter, narrator, pseudo-co-principal, and recapitulator### Dialogue Interpreting and Mediation
The interpreter's role involves a personal contribution that reflects the original speaker's message, while also adapting it to the target audience.
There are different types of interpreting, including community-oriented, business-oriented, and public service interpreting.

Community-Oriented Interpreting

Focuses on getting things done locally, with an emphasis on cultural integration and bridging gaps in the community.
Involves assisting people who are not proficient in the local language to access services provided by public institutions.
Examples of settings include schools, healthcare institutions, and human and social services.

Public Service Interpreting

Defined by the ISO 13611:2014 guidelines as "oral and signed communication that enables access to services for people who have limited proficiency in the language of such services."
Involves bridging cultural gaps between public institutions and individuals who are not familiar with the system.

Skills Required in Dialogue Interpreting

Discursive competence: language skills, interpreting techniques, and terminological knowledge.
Professional quality: accuracy, interpersonal sensitivity, intercultural nuance, and generic integrity.

Community Interpreter vs Mediator

Two overlapping professional figures in Europe, with the mediator involved in cultural conflict prevention and resolution.
The community interpreter and mediator roles may overlap, but the mediator's role involves shaping exchanges between participating societies to benefit both cultures.

Mediation and the Mediator

The mediator serves as a link between two or more cultures and social systems, shaping exchanges to benefit all cultures.
The mediator's role involves reconciling disparate cultural practices and synthesizing cultural knowledge to facilitate mutual understanding.

Translator and Synthesizer

The translator represents one culture to another faithfully, contributing to mutual understanding and accurate cross-cultural knowledge.
The synthesizer reconciles disparate cultural practices, developing a coordinated action that takes into account different expectations and norms.

Situations Leading to the Development of Mediating Abilities

Sojourns, settling, subcultural mobility, segregation, and changes in society.
These situations require coping with an unfamiliar culture, involving culture learning and behavioral adaptation.

The Linguistic and Cultural Mediator

Can play both translator and synthesizer roles.
Has both language and translation competence, as well as cultural knowledge and adaptation skills.

Intercultural Communication and Interpreters

Interpreter-mediated events are intercultural encounters, involving different sets of values, norms, and habits.
The interpreter's role varies from culture to culture, with different cultural expectations and impacts on outcomes.

High and Low Context Cultures

High context cultures rely on implicit communication, relationship-building, and politeness.
Low context cultures prioritize direct communication, explicit information, and following a linear, cause-effect logic.### Cultural Communication
American culture is a low-context culture, where communication is explicit and direct.
Italian culture is a high-context culture, where communication is indirect and relies on contextual cues.

Achieving Cultures vs. Ascriptive Cultures

Achieving cultures (e.g., British, German, North American) accord status based on achievements.
Ascriptive cultures (e.g., Japanese, Arabic) accord status based on age, class, gender, education, etc.
Interpreters in achieving cultures are expected to be neutral and independent, while in ascriptive cultures, they are part of the team and support the client.

Politeness

In some cultures, being polite is more important than conveying correct information.
Forms of address (e.g., using "Lei" vs. "tu" in Italian) and politeness filters (e.g., using indirect expressions) are important in intercultural communication.

Time Perception

Monochronic cultures (e.g., Germany) view time as sequential and scheduled.
Polychronic cultures (e.g., Italy) view time as flexible and relative.
These differences can lead to negotiating issues.

Turn-Taking

In Anglo-American cultures, it's considered impolite to interrupt, while in German culture, it's common to interrupt to express one's thoughts.

Intercultural Communication

Measurement systems, proxemics (perception of space), and language issues can affect communication.
Mediation skills, cultural awareness, and linguistic competence are essential for effective intercultural communication.

Approaches to Interpreting

The interpretive approach focuses on conveying the meaning of the original text.
The mot-à-mot (word-for-word) approach is more literal.
The choice of approach depends on the context and purpose of the translation.

Cultural Bumps

A culture bump occurs when someone from one culture interacts with someone from another culture and experiences unexpected behavior or misunderstandings.

Translation Procedures

Transference: using the same word in the target language as in the source language.
Through translation: translating common collocations and cultural references.
Cultural equivalent: translating cultural words with approximate equivalents.
Functional equivalent: using a neutral term to generalize a cultural word.
Descriptive equivalent: explaining the meaning of a cultural word.

Interpreter's Intervention

Interpreters should provide cultural information only when necessary and appropriate, and should avoid making decisions or judgments that belong to other professionals.

Interpreting Modes

Interpreting: rendering spoken or signed information from a source language (SL) to a target language (TL) in oral or signed form
Conveying both the register and meaning of the source language content
Attitudes and interpersonal components are important aspects of interpreting

Interpreting Settings

Conference settings: monologic, rehearsed or semi-rehearsed speeches, audience is ratified listeners
Community/Liaison settings: dialogic, fresh unrehearsed talk, spontaneous face-to-face interactions, participants are ratified co-speakers
Different settings require different interpreting modes

Interpreting Modes

Simultaneous interpreting: short delay between speaker's words and interpreter's translation, often used in conference settings
Consecutive interpreting: interpreter waits for speaker to finish a sentence or idea, then translates, often used in community/liaison settings
Semi-consecutive interpreting: hybrid of simultaneous and consecutive interpreting, used in some community/liaison settings

Participation Framework

Recognized participants have a role in the communicative event
Interpreters can be ratified participants, co-speakers, or contributors to the conversation
Participation framework concerns the recognition of participant's status and their rights and obligations

Dialogue Interpreting

Interpreter-mediated communication in spontaneous face-to-face interactions
Recent development in the field of interpreting
Involves triadic exchange, where each party, including the interpreter, is a full participant
Presumption of invisibility of the interpreter is a myth in dialogue settings

Footing

Conversational alignment, position, or role in the three-way exchange
Continuous changes of footing occur in dialogue interpreting
Footing has to do with the role the interpreter plays in the exchange, including animator, reporter, narrator, pseudo-co-principal, and recapitulator### Dialogue Interpreting and Mediation
The interpreter's role involves a personal contribution that reflects the original speaker's message, while also adapting it to the target audience.
There are different types of interpreting, including community-oriented, business-oriented, and public service interpreting.

Community-Oriented Interpreting

Focuses on getting things done locally, with an emphasis on cultural integration and bridging gaps in the community.
Involves assisting people who are not proficient in the local language to access services provided by public institutions.
Examples of settings include schools, healthcare institutions, and human and social services.

Public Service Interpreting

Defined by the ISO 13611:2014 guidelines as "oral and signed communication that enables access to services for people who have limited proficiency in the language of such services."
Involves bridging cultural gaps between public institutions and individuals who are not familiar with the system.

Skills Required in Dialogue Interpreting

Discursive competence: language skills, interpreting techniques, and terminological knowledge.
Professional quality: accuracy, interpersonal sensitivity, intercultural nuance, and generic integrity.

Community Interpreter vs Mediator

Two overlapping professional figures in Europe, with the mediator involved in cultural conflict prevention and resolution.
The community interpreter and mediator roles may overlap, but the mediator's role involves shaping exchanges between participating societies to benefit both cultures.

Mediation and the Mediator

The mediator serves as a link between two or more cultures and social systems, shaping exchanges to benefit all cultures.
The mediator's role involves reconciling disparate cultural practices and synthesizing cultural knowledge to facilitate mutual understanding.

Translator and Synthesizer

The translator represents one culture to another faithfully, contributing to mutual understanding and accurate cross-cultural knowledge.
The synthesizer reconciles disparate cultural practices, developing a coordinated action that takes into account different expectations and norms.

Situations Leading to the Development of Mediating Abilities

Sojourns, settling, subcultural mobility, segregation, and changes in society.
These situations require coping with an unfamiliar culture, involving culture learning and behavioral adaptation.

The Linguistic and Cultural Mediator

Can play both translator and synthesizer roles.
Has both language and translation competence, as well as cultural knowledge and adaptation skills.

Intercultural Communication and Interpreters

Interpreter-mediated events are intercultural encounters, involving different sets of values, norms, and habits.
The interpreter's role varies from culture to culture, with different cultural expectations and impacts on outcomes.

High and Low Context Cultures

High context cultures rely on implicit communication, relationship-building, and politeness.
Low context cultures prioritize direct communication, explicit information, and following a linear, cause-effect logic.### Cultural Communication
American culture is a low-context culture, where communication is explicit and direct.
Italian culture is a high-context culture, where communication is indirect and relies on contextual cues.

Achieving Cultures vs. Ascriptive Cultures

Achieving cultures (e.g., British, German, North American) accord status based on achievements.
Ascriptive cultures (e.g., Japanese, Arabic) accord status based on age, class, gender, education, etc.
Interpreters in achieving cultures are expected to be neutral and independent, while in ascriptive cultures, they are part of the team and support the client.

Politeness

In some cultures, being polite is more important than conveying correct information.
Forms of address (e.g., using "Lei" vs. "tu" in Italian) and politeness filters (e.g., using indirect expressions) are important in intercultural communication.

Time Perception

Monochronic cultures (e.g., Germany) view time as sequential and scheduled.
Polychronic cultures (e.g., Italy) view time as flexible and relative.
These differences can lead to negotiating issues.

Turn-Taking

In Anglo-American cultures, it's considered impolite to interrupt, while in German culture, it's common to interrupt to express one's thoughts.

Intercultural Communication

Measurement systems, proxemics (perception of space), and language issues can affect communication.
Mediation skills, cultural awareness, and linguistic competence are essential for effective intercultural communication.

Approaches to Interpreting

The interpretive approach focuses on conveying the meaning of the original text.
The mot-à-mot (word-for-word) approach is more literal.
The choice of approach depends on the context and purpose of the translation.

Cultural Bumps

A culture bump occurs when someone from one culture interacts with someone from another culture and experiences unexpected behavior or misunderstandings.

Translation Procedures

Transference: using the same word in the target language as in the source language.
Through translation: translating common collocations and cultural references.
Cultural equivalent: translating cultural words with approximate equivalents.
Functional equivalent: using a neutral term to generalize a cultural word.
Descriptive equivalent: explaining the meaning of a cultural word.

Interpreter's Intervention

Interpreters should provide cultural information only when necessary and appropriate, and should avoid making decisions or judgments that belong to other professionals.

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